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'''Passive''' is formed with the ending '''-́wa''' in the present and '''-́wi''' in the perfect. | '''Passive''' is formed with the ending '''-́wa''' in the present and '''-́wi''' in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዊ ''gweddḯl<b>wi</b>'' "to have been walked to". | :e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዊ ''gweddḯl<b>wi</b>'' "to have been walked to". | ||
:: | ::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶔ ''gïzúng<b>wi</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' [''-́sh-'']. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' [''-́sh-'']. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to have caused to walk". | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to have caused to walk". | ||
:: | :: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>íshä</b>'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂሺ ''gïzuj<b>íshi</b>'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | ||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïlä</b>'' "to walk to", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïli</b>'' "to have walked to". | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïlä</b>'' "to walk to", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïli</b>'' "to have walked to". | ||
:: | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>lä</b>'' "to cook for", ግዙይሊ ''gïzúy<b>li</b>'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' [''-n-'']. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' [''-n-'']. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>änä</b>'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>äni</b>'' "to have walked to each other". | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>änä</b>'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>äni</b>'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>änä</b>'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኒ ''gïzúng<b>äni</b>'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | '''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | ||
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Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | ||
:e.g. | :e.g. ጔዚሽለኗ ''gwezz<b>ishlä́nwa</b>'' "to be made to walk to each other", ጔዚሽለንዊ ''gwezz<b>ishlä́nwi</b>'' "to have been made to walk to each other". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||