Kola: Difference between revisions
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! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| bä- || bä- || bo- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite | | bä- || bä- || bo- || colspan="2" | ba- || bä- || Specific/definite location*, "at/on/by"*, "against"*, "to the detriment of"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location*, direction*, "for/to"*, "to the benefit of"* | | g(w/ï)- || g(w/ï)- || go- || colspan="2" | gu- || g(w/ï)- || Nonspecific/approximate location*, direction/destination*, recepient*, "for/to"*, "to the benefit of"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| | | ng(w/ï)- || ng(w/ï)- || ngo- || colspan="2" | ngu- || ng(w/ï)- || Internal location*, "in"* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]) and with quantifiers - e.g. ዎቸ ''wócä'' "all (animate pl.)" (stem: ''-cä'') <!-- maybe low -->. | <small><sup>1</sup></small> Subject and object concords are used for the subject and object of a verb respectively, and adjective concords are used with adjectives. Most other words use pronominal concords. The extended pronominal concords are used to form pronouns (see [[Kola#Pronouns|pronouns]]) and with quantifiers - e.g. ዎቸ ''wócä'' "all (animate pl.)" (stem: ''-cä'') <!-- maybe low -->. | ||
These concord prefixes are considered formal and old-fashioned, and are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 5/6, 9/10 (used by this article), or some combination (e.g. 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix can optionally be omitted. With verbs, class 16 | These concord prefixes are considered formal and old-fashioned, and are normally replaced with animacy-based concords. Words agreeing with animate nouns use classes 1/2, while those agreeing with inanimate nouns use classes 5/6, 9/10 (used by this article), or some combination (e.g. 9/6). When a modifier is used with a noun, the concord prefix can optionally be omitted. With verbs, class 16-18 prefixes are used even in informal language; others are replaced with animacy concords. | ||
The locative classes (classes 16 | The locative classes (classes 16-18) most often behave as prepositions. Their concord prefixes are used with verbs; otherwise, the prefix appears at the beginning of the noun phrase. However, there are some nouns inherently in these classes; these behave as nouns in any other class - e.g. በት ''bä́tt'' "place", ግት ''gḯtt'' "direction", ጝት ''ngḯtt'' "interior"<!-- were low -->. | ||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Productive meanings are marked with an asterisk. | <small><sup>2</sup></small> Productive meanings are marked with an asterisk. | ||
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::''bä-'' + ''zíchä'' → በዚጨ ''bäzíchä'' (NOT *ቤጨ ''béchä'') "in (an) eye" | ::''bä-'' + ''zíchä'' → በዚጨ ''bäzíchä'' (NOT *ቤጨ ''béchä'') "in (an) eye" | ||
::''bä-'' + ''lä-'' "the" + inanimate concord + ''-ngólä'' "red" + ''zíchä'' → በለጎለ ዚጨ ''bälägólä zíchä'' "in the red eye" <!-- ngola were low --> | ::''bä-'' + ''lä-'' "the" + inanimate concord + ''-ngólä'' "red" + ''zíchä'' → በለጎለ ዚጨ ''bälägólä zíchä'' "in the red eye" <!-- ngola were low --> | ||
<!-- | |||
====Cases==== | |||
Nominative: Unmarked | |||
Accusative: ''-n'' (or nominative instead?) | |||
Dative: Class 17 prefix | |||
Ablative: Class 16 prefix | |||
Locative: Class 16/17/18 | |||
--> | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||