Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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===Irregular verbs=== | ===Irregular verbs=== | ||
Chlouvānem has only a very small number of truly irregular verbs, as most verbs conform in some way to one of the various stem classes. Even among irregular verbs, many of them are only irregular in the formation of one of their three basic stems; only six verbs (''flulke, milke, mṛcce, lilke, jalle'', and ''tilah'') have at least one entirely suppletive stem. | Chlouvānem has only a very small number of truly irregular verbs, as most verbs conform in some way to one of the various stem classes. Even among irregular verbs, many of them are only irregular in the formation of one of their three basic stems; only six verbs (''flulke, milke, mṛcce, lilke, jalle'', and ''tilah'') have at least one entirely suppletive stem. | ||
There are two true defective verbs: '' | There are two true defective verbs: ''ṛṣme'' (to plan, to be going to) and the honorific ''tilah'' (not a self-standing verb). | ||
Excluding the highly irregular ''jalle'' and ''tilah'', treated in the next sections, the other verbs with suppletive stems are: | Excluding the highly irregular ''jalle'' and ''tilah'', treated in the next sections, the other verbs with suppletive stems are: | ||
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=====Miscellaneous irregularities===== | =====Miscellaneous irregularities===== | ||
'' | ''ṛṣme'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and is a regular class 3 verb (''ārṣmē, ṛṣmek, ṝṣma'') It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike ārṣmē'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale". It is often a synonym of the future intentional, though it conveys lesser certainty and may also be used for imperfective actions or states.<br/> | ||
Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. '' | Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. ''švṛṣme'' (to believe): ''švārṣmu'' "I am believed", ''šutayārṣmu'' "I believe" - and ''ṛṣme'' itself has regular causative forms (with the meaning of "make X intend to do"). | ||
The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tatemešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs. | The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tatemešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs. | ||