Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

===Present indicative===

The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.<br/>Ablauting verbs have ''middle grade'' ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones, but inverse-ablauting verbs have always the unreduced sequence.

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | Thematic, no ablaut !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | -ah-

All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms.

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut

Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel.

Exterior forms:

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | Thematic, no ablaut !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Inverse-ablaut

Causative forms use the same stems as in the present indicative.

Exterior forms:

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut

Note that in the perfect, the 3rd person does not distinguish number:

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

=== General future indicative ===

The general future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)). It is used for general future events (''menire dašajildiṣya'' "it will rain tomorrow"), obligations (''pūnikā menire męliṣya'' "the work will be [=has to be] delivered tomorrow"), and general imperfective events in the future (''lūlunimarte liliṣyam'' "I'll be living in Lūlunimarta"); see also the following section on ''future intentional''.

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

The future intentional is formed starting from the ''perfect stem'': more properly, the third person form of any present verb is taken, the final ''-a'' is lengthened, and ''-lta'' (in the non-causative exterior) or ''-l(a)-'' (in all other forms) is added, followed by the usual perfect endings; the causative exterior has the otherwise irregular change ''-rā-'' → ''-ṝ-''.

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

'''Imperfective aspect'''

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

'''Perfective aspect'''

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

'''Imperfective aspect'''

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative

'''Perfective aspect'''

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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative

=====Indicative mood=====

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! colspan=2 | Person !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! General future !! Future intent.

=====Other primary moods=====

The present tense or imperfective aspect of all other primary moods included as examples in this table:

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! colspan=2 | Person !! Imperative !! Subjunctive !! Optative !! Desiderative !! Necessitative !! Potential !! Permissive

====Irregular forms====

There are seven irregular adjectival verbs which are only used with synthetic comparatives, all synchronically suppletive:

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! Positive !! Comparative !! Superlative

=== Personal pronouns ===

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! colspan=4 | !! Direct !! Accusative !! Ergative !!  Genitive !! Translative !! Exessive !! Essive !!  Dative !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental

=== Correlatives ===

Chlouvānem has a fairly regular system of correlatives, distinguishing ten types (proximal, medial, distal, interrogative, negative, assertive existential, elective existential, universal, positive alternative, and negative alternative) in eleven categories (attributive, thing, person, time, place, destination, origin, way, reason, quality, quantity).

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! Category ↓ / Type → !! Proximal !! Medial !! Distal !! Interrogative !! Negative !! Ass. exist. !! Elect. exist. !! Universal !! Positive altern. !! Negative altern.

====Declensions of correlatives and possessives====

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! rowspan=2 | Case || ā-paradigm !! ē-paradigm !! ū-paradigm !! t-paradigm

Numbers (sg/pl. ''mālendān'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. 1-4 have separate adverbial multiplicative forms, while all other ones have an invariable form used both as adverbial and 'adjectival' multiplicatives. Cardinals from 1 to Ɛ and their compounds decline for case (see below); collectives, multiplicatives, and fractionaries always decline, while ordinals are only declined if used without an accompanying noun. Distributives do not decline.

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! Digit₁₂ !! <small>Base 10</small> !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Collective !! Distributive !! Adv./Multiplicative !! Fractionary

====Declensions of cardinal numbers====

Some cardinal numbers are declined for case, but this is usually only done in formal Chlouvānem. Informal Chlouvānem only declines ''emibe'', often with an analogical pattern based on '''2h''' (''-eh'') nouns. Only the numbers from '''1''' to '''Ɛ''' (but not their compounds) as well as ''nihæla'' and its compounds decline as such. ''tildhā'', ''(lalla)raicē'', and ''(lalla)taiskaucis'' are always declined, but they are fully nouns.

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! rowspan=2 | Case !! rowspan=2 | ''emibe'' !! i-paradigm !! a-paradigm !! en-paradigm

====Length====

Units in ''italics'' are popular divisions used in speech and not usually written. The ''nīnas'' has its own abbreviation but it is nowadays rarely used, and most often written as ''2 vā'' even if spoken as ''nīnas''.

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! Short !! Name !! Meaning/name origin !! Equivalent to !! Metric system (approx.)

====Area====

The ''våṇṭa'' may or may not be written as a separate measure. A measure of 1 ''jāṇa'' and 700 ''doṃryai'' may be written as ''1 jā.700 (do)'' (most commonly) or as ''1 jā.1.100 (do)''.

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! Short !! Name !! Meaning/name origin !! Equivalent to !! Metric system (approx.)

====Weight (and mass)====

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! Short !! Name !! Meaning/name origin !! Equivalent to !! Metric system (approx.)

====Volume====

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! Short !! Name !! Meaning/name origin !! Equivalent to !! Metric system (approx.)

====Time====

→ ''See also: [[Chlouvānem/Calendar_and_time#The_Chlouvānem_calendar|Chlouvānem Calendar and time § the Chlouvānem calendar]]

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! English !! Chlouvānem !! Equivalent to !! rough Earthly approximation