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====Verb extensions==== | ====Verb extensions==== | ||
When verb extensions (other than the passive and intensive) are added, the verb always ends in the vowel ''-ä'' | '''Notes:''' | ||
*When verb extensions (other than the passive and intensive) are added, the verb always ends in the vowel ''-ä'' in the present. | |||
*-<sup><small>S</small></sup> and -<sup><small>P</small></sup> represent spirantization and palatalization of the preceding consonant (if applicable) respectively. Recent loans might not be affected. | |||
'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' (''-íwa'') in the present and ''-́we'' (''-íwe'') in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | '''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' (''-íwa'') in the present and ''-́we'' (''-íwe'') in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | ||
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::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶕ ''gïzúng<b>we</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶕ ''gïzúng<b>we</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' {''-́sh-''}, which becomes ''-íz-'' {''-́z-''} before the perfect ending. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-<sup><small>SP</small></sup>ísh-'' (''-ísh-'') {''-́sh-''}, which becomes ''-<sup><small>SP</small></sup>íz-'' (''-íz-'') {''-́z-''} before the perfect ending. <!--This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.--> | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚዜ ''gwezz<b>íz</b>e'' "to have caused to walk". | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚዜ ''gwezz<b>íz</b>e'' "to have caused to walk". | ||
:: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂዜ ''gïzuj<b>íz</b>e'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | :: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂዜ ''gïzuj<b>íz</b>e'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | ||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-<sup><small>P</small></sup>(ï)l-'' (''-íl-'').<!-- This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected.--> | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", ጔዲሌ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>e'' "to have walked to". | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", ጔዲሌ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>e'' "to have walked to". | ||
:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | ||