Nankôre: Difference between revisions

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The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula.  It is obligatory for all Future tenses.  It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket cire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket cire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established.  An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?"  The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''.
The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula.  It is obligatory for all Future tenses.  It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket cire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket cire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established.  An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket cire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?"  The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''.


====Positional, Motion, and Coverbs====
====Coverbs====


The Positional/Motion verbs appear at the beginning of the VP.  They appear in two forms, an independent form, and a shortened form, called a coverb.  Coverbs serve to provide additional syntactic information to the following verb, usually the main verb itself.  Clitics that otherwise attach to the main verb, such as the Inverse marker and and aspect markers, move to and attach to the first occurring coverb of the VP.  Morphophonemic alternations may take place when the Inverse marker ''ta='' cliticizes to the coverb, such as in the Subessive ''cor-''.  
Coverbs are auxiliary verbs that serve to provide additional syntactic information to the main verb itself.  There are two classes of coverbs,  Positional and Motion.  Coverbs serve as a way of indicating case relations of the core arguments, somewhat like Applicatives in other languages, such as those of its distant cousin [[Minhast]].  In fact the older linguistic literature often refers to coverbs as "Applicative Verbs".
 
Coverbs have both a long and short form.  The long form, also called the Independent Form, serves as a bona fide, standalone verb.  Thus the coverb ''sanha'', in its long form, means "to approach", but its short form, ''san'', always indicates a directional relationship usually handled by the Allative case in languages that indicate case marking on the noun.  Clitics that otherwise attach to the main verb, such as the Inverse marker and and aspect markers, move to and attach to the first occurring coverb of the VP.  Clitics attach only to the short form.  Additionally, morphophonemic alternations may take place when the Inverse marker ''ta='' cliticizes to the coverb, such as in the Subessive ''cor-''.  


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The applicative verbs promote an Oblique argument to core status, thereby creating a derived Patient.  This results in a transitive sentence, and the inverse marker ''tā-/tāh-'' once again can be used to disambiguate the roles of the core arguments if a lower-animacy argument is an Agent.  Interestingly, unlike passivation and antipassivation, the demoted core argument, which is always the former Patient, can still appear in the clause as an Oblique argument, marked with the connective ''si-''  There are several of these auxiliaries, listed in the following table:
The applicative verbs promote an Oblique argument to core status, thereby creating a derived Patient.  This results in a transitive sentence, and the inverse marker ''tā-/tāh-'' once again can be used to disambiguate the roles of the core arguments if a lower-animacy argument is an Agent.  Interestingly, unlike passivation and antipassivation, the demoted core argument, which is always the former Patient, can still appear in the clause as an Oblique argument, marked with the connective ''si-''  There are several of these auxiliaries, listed in the following table:
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The Positional/Motion verbs appear before all elements of the VP.


{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
|+ style="font-weight:bold"| Motion and Positional Verbs
|+ style="font-weight:bold"| Motion and Positional Verbs
|-
|-
!  !! Independent !! Dependent/Coverb !! Dependent/Coverb + Inverse !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment
!  !! Long !! Short !! Coverb + Inverse !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment
|-
|-
! Directional  
! Directional  
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