Nankôre: Difference between revisions

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===== Copula Affixes =====
===== Copula Affixes =====


The Inverse marker ''ta-'' indicates lower animate NP is the Agent acting on a higher animate NP whose role is that of Patient.  The marker occurs in two locations: as a clitic to the first verb of the VP, and as a bound prefix to the copula ''itá'''.  In conjunction with the infix ''-n-'', the bound form of the Inverse mnarker encodes plurality of the LA Agent as well via vowel lengthening in open syllables, or compensatory stress in closed syllables.  The Hodiernal tense is an exception: the vowel of the Inverse marker neither undergoes vowel lengthening, nor does it receive compensatory stress.  This is presumably because the tense marker ''-ô-'' suppresses lengthening of a preceding vowel according to Nankôre phonological rules, thus moving the stress rightward.
The Inverse marker ''ta-'' indicates a lower animate NP is the Agent acting on a higher animate NP whose role is that of Patient.  The marker occurs in two locations: as a clitic to the first verb of the VP, and as a bound prefix to the copula ''itá'''.  


Number is marked on both core arguments: for transitive clauses, plural HA arguments are marked with a prefixed or infixed ''-n-'', while the LA argument is marked with the suffix ''-n'' for plurality.  Additionally, the vowel of the Inverse marker lengthens when the LA argument is plural; for example, the singular LA argument of the present tense copula is ''ta'ita<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', whereas the plural form of the verb is ''t<u>ā</u>'inta'''.
Number is marked on both core arguments: for transitive clauses, singular HA arguments are null-marked, and LA arguments are marked with the suffix ''-ʔ''.  For plurality, plural HA arguments are marked with a prefixed or infixed ''-n-'', while the LA argument is marked with the suffix ''-n'' for plurality.  Additionally, the vowel of the Inverse marker lengthens when the LA argument is plural; for example, the singular LA argument of the present tense copula is ''ta'ita<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', whereas the plural form of the verb is ''t<u>ā</u>'inta'''. The Hodiernal tense is an exception: the vowel of the Inverse marker neither undergoes vowel lengthening, nor does it receive compensatory stress.  This is presumably because the tense marker ''-ô-'' suppresses lengthening of a preceding vowel according to Nankôre phonological rules, thus moving the stress rightward.
 
Singular HA arguments are null-marked, and LA arguments are marked with the suffix ''-ʔ''.


The Inchoative consists of a the prefix ''yis-'', which frequently occurs as a circumfix, ''y''- + ''-s-'', for certain conjugations.  The affix causes the Inverse affix ''ta(h)-'' to palatize; the ''-s-'' segment of the circumfixal form may occur before or after a pluralizing ''-n-'' affix, or the tense-bearing prefix of a given conjugation.  Knowing which form of the Inchoative, and where the ''-s-'' segment occurs is unpredictable and requires memorization.  When used in transitive sentences, it serves to mark the Inceptive aspect.
The Inchoative consists of a the prefix ''yis-'', which frequently occurs as a circumfix, ''y''- + ''-s-'', for certain conjugations.  The affix causes the Inverse affix ''ta(h)-'' to palatize; the ''-s-'' segment of the circumfixal form may occur before or after a pluralizing ''-n-'' affix, or the tense-bearing prefix of a given conjugation.  Knowing which form of the Inchoative, and where the ''-s-'' segment occurs is unpredictable and requires memorization.  When used in transitive sentences, it serves to mark the Inceptive aspect.
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