Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions
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==== Nominative Case ==== | ==== Nominative Case ==== | ||
The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''- | The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''. | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping." | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig." | ||
The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | ||
* '''aphra- | * '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water" | ||
* '''aha- | * '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings" | ||
* '''an- | * '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king" | ||
* '''hai- | * '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore" | ||
* '''san- | * '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly" | ||
* '''v- | * '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love" | ||
* '''vrja- | * '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees" | ||
==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ||
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==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''- | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''-s'''. | ||
* ''Iven ''' | * ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig." | ||
* ''Ljumruran ''' | * ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin." | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | ||
* '''ehda- | * '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring" | ||
* '''ui- | * '''ui-embas''' "upon the face" | ||
* '''lu- | * '''lu-ljās''' "under the water" | ||
* '''ar- | * '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land" | ||
* '''nai- | * '''nai-manas''' "over the land" | ||
==== Dative Case ==== | ==== Dative Case ==== | ||
The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''- | The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''. | ||
* '' | * ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant." | ||
* '' | * ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird." | ||
The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | ||
* '''nur- | * '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer" | ||
* '''mal- | * '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya" | ||
==== Genitive Case ==== | ==== Genitive Case ==== | ||
The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is | The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''. | ||
When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''. | When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''. | ||
* '''lavraide | * '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone" | ||
* '''kavra | * '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool" | ||
The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | ||
* '''ehba- | * '''ehba-idur''' "without light" | ||
* '''amha- | * '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends" | ||
==== Vocative Case ==== | ==== Vocative Case ==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ives'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manas'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manes'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iven'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manan'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manen'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative |