Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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==Basic Grammar== | ==Basic Grammar== | ||
Fusional, subject | Fusional, verb-subject-object, two numbers, three persons, three noun classes, nine inflected cases with absolutive-ergative alignment | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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* | *There are five modified vowel sounds which may be used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...) | ||
** | **Lengthening: ''paa'' /pä:/, ''pée'' /pɛ:/, ''póo'' /pɔ:/. | ||
***In compact notation, a bar may be used: ''ṓ'' /ɔ:/ and ''ō'' /ə:/ | |||
**''plo'' /pˡə/, ''tla'' /tˡä/ | **Lateral release: ''plo'' /pˡə/, ''tla'' /tˡä/ | ||
**''on'' /ə̃/, ''oń'' /ɔn/, back vowels always between two nasals and after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but with front vowel and long ńg: ''nińge'' /niŋ:e/ | ***Compact notation utilizes the breve diacritic: ''tŏ'' /tˡə/ | ||
**''or'' /ɚ/, ''oŕ'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''aŕ'' /är/ | **Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃/, ''oń'' /ɔn/, back vowels always between two nasals and after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but with front vowel and long ńg: ''nińge'' /niŋ:e/ | ||
**''pho'' /pʰə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/, ''tha'' /θä/, ''dha'' /ðɑ/ | ***In compact notation, tilde is added: ''õ'' /ə̃/, ''on'' /ən/ | ||
**Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''oŕ'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''aŕ'' /är/. | |||
***In compact notation, diaeresis can be used: ''ö'' /ɚ/, ''or'' /ər/ | |||
**Aspiration/breathy voice: ''pho'' /pʰə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/, ''tha'' /θä/, ''dha'' /ðɑ/. | |||
***Compact notation uses grave accent: ''pò'' /pʰə/, ''pô'' /pʰɔ/ | |||
*(Not with every vowel or different results?) | |||
====Diphtongs==== | ====Diphtongs==== | ||
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*Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface)) | *Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface)) | ||
*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | *Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | ||
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative) | *Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal construction with particle ''...'' | ||
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections | *Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections | ||
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'''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: '' | '''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Ónzaitón dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaitón dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.) | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using... | From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using... | ||
Transitivity and cases: '' | Transitivity and cases: ''Ónzaitón dothee pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).) ''Bousón pof.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.) | ||
====Tense==== | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ''ammuin karhun'' vs. ''ammuin karhua'' | Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ''ammuin karhun'' vs. ''ammuin karhua'' | ||
====Mood==== | |||
====Voice==== | |||
Sceptrian distinguishes between three voices: active, passive and antipassive | |||
Active construction | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Ónzaitón dothee pof. | |||
|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ dəθe: pəf/ | |||
| morphemes = ón-zait-ón doth-ee pof-Ø | |||
| gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC man-ERG feather-ABS | |||
| translation = A man is lifting a feather. | |||
}} | |||
Passive construction: agent (ERG) is simply removed | |||
*{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Ónzaitón pof. | |||
|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ pəf/ | |||
| morphemes = ón-zait-ón pof-Ø | |||
| gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC feather-ABS | |||
| translation = A feather is being lifted. | |||
}} | |||
Antipassive construction: agent (ERG) into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) into instrumental-comitative (INS) | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Doth ónzait(ma) pofos. | |||
|IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(ma) pəfəs/ | |||
| morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) pof-os | |||
| gloss = man-ABS 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(.POL) feather-INS | |||
| translation = The man is lifting (with) a feather. | |||
}} | |||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
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===Word order=== | ===Word order=== | ||
* | *VSO usually, SVO in antipassive | ||
*adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow | *adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow | ||