Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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The aorist is used only with a limited number of roots: most of them have a present meaning (as with the PIE stative), but some of them have shifted meaning and are purely past tense forms. There are two aorist classes: | The aorist is used only with a limited number of roots: most of them have a present meaning (as with the PIE stative), but some of them have shifted meaning and are purely past tense forms. There are two aorist classes: | ||
* class I (root), same as the corresponding PIE class, | * class I (root), same as the corresponding PIE class, used for only two roots: inherited ''uyal-he'' "I know", and the lone Lifashian innovation ''láhe'' "I have" (< *(s)leh₂g-h₂e, root ''láh-''). | ||
* class II (reduplicated), with a reduplicated initial, including the majority of aorists, e.g. ''ti-stá-he'' "I stand", ''le-lób-a'' "I love [a person]" | * class II (reduplicated), with a reduplicated initial, including the majority of aorists, e.g. ''ti-stá-he'' "I stand", ''le-lób-a'' "I love [a person]" | ||
Aorists have two sets of endings, diachronically derived from the same ones depending on whether the initial laryngeal is kept (cf. ''tistáhe'' (< *stestóh₂h₂e) and ''lelóba'' (< *lelowbʰh₂e)). | Aorists have two sets of endings, diachronically derived from the same ones depending on whether the initial laryngeal of the suffix is kept (cf. ''tistáhe'' (< *stestóh₂h₂e) and ''lelóba'' (< *lelowbʰh₂e)). | ||
The perfect is a more recent formation. It is formed with a generalized past participle in ''-it'' (''-t'' for vowel-ending roots), formed starting from a past verb (with exceptions), and the appropriate form of the present copula: | The perfect is a more recent formation. It is formed with a generalized past participle in ''-it'' (''-t'' for vowel-ending roots), formed starting from a past verb (with exceptions), and the appropriate form of the present copula: | ||