Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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{{Construction}} | {{Construction}} | ||
'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushan'' / | '''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushan'' /ˈbäˑtəp luˈʃãˑ/ or simply ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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'''Lore:''' Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages. | '''Lore:''' Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages. | ||
'''Actual:''' I weren't sure how to continue with [[Aoma]] (except for translations which I haven't been interested in) so I decided to begin creating a new language based on my scribbles. Remarkably, the script was created after the phonology had been decided. I promise that one day I'll have a good proto-language first, realistic daughter languages second, scripts third and modern languages fourth... | '''Actual:''' I weren't sure how to continue with [[Aoma]] (except for translations which I haven't been interested in) so I decided to begin creating a new language based on my scribbles. Remarkably, the script was created after the phonology had been decided. But I have to promise that one day I'll have a good proto-language first, realistic daughter languages second, scripts third and modern languages fourth... | ||
'''Problems:''' As mentioned above, I'm still too lazy to create a proto-language... | '''Problems:''' As mentioned above, I'm still too lazy to create a proto-language... | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Scetprian features 32 consonants, some of with interesting lateral features, twelve vowels with long versions and four diphthongs. | Scetprian features 32 consonants, some of them with interesting lateral features, twelve vowels with long versions and four diphthongs. Nasalization, rhotacization and breathy voice are used as well. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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*Aspiration/breathy voice: ''pho'' /pʰə/~/ɸə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/~/βə/, ''tha'' /tʰä/~/θä/, ''dha'' /dʱä/~/ðɑ/. | *Aspiration/breathy voice: ''pho'' /pʰə/~/ɸə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/~/βə/, ''tha'' /tʰä/~/θä/, ''dha'' /dʱä/~/ðɑ/. | ||
**In casual register, aspirated plosives of unstressed syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | **In casual register, aspirated plosives of unstressed syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | ||
*Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃~ɘ̃/ (compare ''oń'' /ən/) | *Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃~ɘ̃/ (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | ||
**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/. | **Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/. | ||
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare''oŕ'' /ər/~/r/ and ''aŕ'' /är/) | *Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare''oŕ'' /ər/~/r/ and ''aŕ'' /är/) | ||
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Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic body): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑˑ.tän/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑˑ.tˡe/ | Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic body): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑˑ.tän/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑˑ.tˡe/ | ||
Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable. This is indicated with ¿. | Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and a rising pitch. This is indicated with ¿. | ||
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===Table of correlatives=== | ===Table of correlatives=== | ||
Determiners follow their heads and agree in number and with the cases mentioned above, where DAT with LAT; COM with LOC; CAU with ABL; ABL with VOC. Words follow the declension shown above or paradigms similar to [[Sceptrian#Cases|noun cases]]. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Determiner | !colspan="2"| Determiner | ||
| sho || ka<br />kla || ko<br />klo || | | sho || ka (SG)<br/>kla (PL) || ko<br />klo || jofa (some) || ota (any) || orka (every, all) || ze (no) || so (another)<br/>solo | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun | !rowspan="5"| Pronoun | ||
!Abstract | !Abstract | ||
| | | ashu || thaka || dhaka || jaafa || thata || thorka || theso || thaso | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Animate | !Animate | ||
| | | ¿soutu || saitu || soutu || jonfu || onta || ongka || souso || jonso | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Inanimate | !Inanimate | ||
| | | ¿ko || ka || ko || jofo || oto || orko || ze || so | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Out of two | !Out of two | ||
| | | ¿tso || tsaka || tsoko || zho || tsoto || tsorko || tseso || tso | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Out of many | !Out of many | ||
| | | ¿tsolo || tsalka || tsolko || zolo || tsolto || tsongko || tsleso || tsolo | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="6"|Pro-adverb | !rowspan="6"|Pro-adverb | ||
!Locative | !Locative | ||
| | | sku || khau || khu || jofku || otku || orkhu || zengu || sokhu | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Temporal | !Temporal | ||
| | | sko || kha || kho || jofko || otko || orkho || zeng || sokho | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Comitative | ||
| | | shos || kas || kos || jofos || otos || orkos || zeos || sos | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Causal | ||
| | | spe || kap || kop || jov || otop || orkop || zenep || sonop | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Manner | !Manner | ||
| | | shi || khai || khoi || jofai || otai || orkai || zei || soi | ||
|- | |- | ||
!What kind of | !What kind of | ||
| | | shodh || kadh || kodh || jodhi || othi || ordhi || zodhi || sothi | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Negative determiner ''ze'' has no plural form. Neither have pronouns "Out of two". | |||
*Demonstratives are used when referring to listed items of equal animacy: proximal with the former and distal with the latter: ''Aitesoshóji math kuthos. Óomidh soutu.'' (I saw a cat and a dog. The latter was large.) | |||
*Locative pro-adverb can be conjugated with lative, locative and ablative. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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*Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession ''gat dothi'' (a house of (lit. "for") the man); comparison (with ADJ comparative) | *Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession ''gat dothi'' (a house of (lit. "for") the man); comparison (with ADJ comparative) | ||
*Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession ''dhoku dothor'' (the man's head) | *Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession ''dhoku dothor'' (the man's head) | ||
*Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions | *Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; "with someone", replaces "and" as Latin [[wikt:-que|-que]]; in antipassive constructions | ||
*Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface)) | *Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface)) | ||
*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | *Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | ||
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*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | *''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | ||
**Ae: ae = æ and óe = ø | **Ae: ae = æ and óe = ø | ||
*''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' | *''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings. | ||
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | *''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | ||
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | *''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | ||
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*Example: ''gat'''atha'''pa'' (from Your house) | *Example: ''gat'''atha'''pa'' (from Your house) | ||
See non-finite verb forms which utilize some possessive suffixes in adverbial clauses <-- something from Aoma (lettex) & Finnish (kävellessäni) | See [[Sceptrian#Non-finite_forms|non-finite verb forms]] which utilize some possessive suffixes in adverbial clauses <-- something from Aoma (lettex) & Finnish (kävellessäni) | ||
====Emphasizing clitics==== | ====Emphasizing clitics==== | ||
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*Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness" | *Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness" | ||
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending, voicing of fricatives (''h→gh'', no change with affricates), nasals into ''ng'', voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''), l-declension as in INS-COM | *similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending, voicing of fricatives (''h→gh'', no change with affricates), nasals into ''ng'', voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''), l-declension as in INS-COM | ||
*full of, having something: | **full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'' | ||
*material: | *material: | ||
*origin, relation: | *origin, relation: | ||
*absence, without: | *absence, without: | ||
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Prepositions used with lative, locative and ablative cases | Prepositions used with lative, locative and ablative cases | ||
*'' | *''voi'' (in) forms illative, inessive, elative | ||
*'' | *''soi'' (on) to emphasize the surface aspect | ||
*'' | *''oist'' (under) for movement under something | ||
*'' | *''moi'' (touching) when objects are in touch with each other | ||
*'' | *''oil'' (as) forms translative, essive, exessive | ||
*'' | *''koi'' (per) distribution: "for each", "every" (temporal), "from each" | ||
*''jon'' (... between) | *''jon'' (... between) | ||
*'' | *''boi'' (... the middle of) | ||
*'' | *''tsoi'' (... front of) | ||
**with time nouns in locative = before | **with time nouns in locative = before | ||
*'' | *''hoi'' (... behind) | ||
**with time nouns in locative = after | **with time nouns in locative = after | ||
Postpositions | Postpositions | ||
*'' | *''pón'' (through) with lative | ||
*'' | *''phó'' (along) with lative | ||
*'' | *''pló'' (opposite to) with locative | ||
*'' | *''sós'' (with) with comitative to express a greater degree of endowment (ornative) | ||
*'' | *''óp'' (about) | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
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Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain | Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+Numeral system | |||
|- | |||
! Number | |||
! Cardinal !! Determiner !! Ordinal !! Fraction !! Multiplicative adverb !! Multiplicative adjective !! Group | |||
|- | |||
!One | |||
| ipi || || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
|Two | |||
| || || || || || || | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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====Noun | ====Noun clauses==== | ||
Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.) | Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.) | ||
====Relative clauses==== | |||
participles | |||
====Adverbial clauses==== | |||
non-finite forms + possessive suffixes to indicate subject | |||
====Conditional clauses==== | |||
subjunctive | |||
==Register== | ==Register== | ||
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*''kep'' wash | *''kep'' wash | ||
*''keslan'' blood | *''keslan'' blood | ||
*''kuth'' dog | |||
*''luva'' pleasure | *''luva'' pleasure | ||
*''luwi'' beauty | *''luwi'' beauty | ||
*''math'' cat | |||
*''mel'' water | *''mel'' water | ||
*''not'' object | *''not'' object | ||
*''óomi'' largeness | |||
*''pof'' feather | *''pof'' feather | ||
*''su'' it/he? | *''su'' it/he? | ||