Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used. | In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used. | ||
Endings with different tenses may be mixed: | |||
*PRES retrospective: | *PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) | ||
*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | |||
*PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | |||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
Moods | Moods express speaker's attitude towards the subject or their knowledge of it. | ||
=====Realis===== | =====Realis===== | ||
'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods. | '''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zait Hala uraha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well) | ||
'''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used | '''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.) | ||
=====Irrealis===== | =====Irrealis===== | ||
'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb | '''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?) | ||
'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO) with an ''r'' added before present inceptive | '''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Røt posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!) | ||
*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Røtrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Røtrlast!'' (Let's go!) | |||
'''Subjunctive''' is formed with second apophony and through initial left-to-right reduplication, but | '''Subjunctive''' is formed with second apophony and through initial left-to-right reduplication: if consonant-initial, CV body is duplicated, but if vowel-initial, VC part of the first and second syllable is duplicated: '''''la'''lateep'' (may dance), '''''ak'''aktaasos'' (may hear) | ||
*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished | |||
=====Particles===== | =====Particles===== | ||
Particles are placed after a verb to alter or to specify its meaning. | |||
* mirative (with imperative) | Realis | ||
* | *''pai'' mirative (with soft imperative in present): ''Røtóji pai!'' (He went!?) | ||
* | |||
* | Evidentials (with causatives) | ||
** | *''atasi'' hearsay: ''Rotóji tasi fope.'' (I heard from you that he went.) | ||
* | *''tesei'' visual: ''Rótoutóji tesei nape.'' (I didn't see him go.) | ||
**protasis | Irrealis | ||
** | *''norka'' dubitative (with subjunctive): ''Rórótóji norka.'' (I doubt he went.) | ||
* | **with adjectives or as an adverb: ''Luwi pai!'' (How beautiful!) | ||
* | *''gana'' volitive (with future subjunctive): ''Lalateepar gana.'' (I wish I could dance.) | ||
Conditional (with subjunctive) | |||
*''ta'' apodosis: ''Arzaizaither ta'' (I will raise you...) | |||
*''-ti-'' infixed between reduplicated form for protasis: ''boutibousen'' (if you fall) | |||
Hortatives (with soft imperative which itself works as an adhortative or dehortative with negation (unwillingness)) | |||
*Cohortative: ''Latéprlast kha!'' (Let's dance now!), ''Rótrlastonget khugu.'' (Let's not go there.) | |||
*''jokæ'' exhortative (inhortative through negation): ''Røtrest jokæ.'' (You really should go.) | |||
Formal register differences: | |||
*''alké'' permissive with dative: ''Rotest alké foki.'' (You may leave.) | |||
**prohibitive with negated (inability) imperative infinitive: ''Rótrostodi alké foki.'' (You aren't allowed to leave.) | |||
*both conditional particles are used separately and they are prefixed with the subjunctive reduplication: ''Arzaizaither zaita boubousen bouti.'' (I will raise you if you fall.) | |||
In literature to express the peaking pitch of ironical statements and lowered pitch of sarcastic expressions: | |||
* | *''jø'' verbal irony: ''"Luwidh jø hi loi khu" batophóji.'' ("''Beautiful'' day out there" he said.) | ||
*''gæ'' sarcasm: ''Uu, eiluwikoi gæ pai.'' (Oh, ''how beautiful'' you made it.) | |||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||
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'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | '''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | ||
Second apophony of negation infixes with subjunctive mood. | Second apophony of negation infixes with subjunctive mood: ''Róthórn'''ó'''rt.'' (He may not be willing to go.) | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | |||
'''Gerund''' | |||
*Base nouns or their abstract variants may serve as gerunds, which describe the action of doing, but otherwise they are created with the suffix ''(o)pi'' added to a verb root. | |||
'''Infinitives''' | |||
*PRES ''-odi'', PST ''-oudi'', FUT ''ordi'' | |||
*used with modal verbs | |||
*different moods may be used as well | |||
'''Participles''' | |||
*Mentioned already in [[Sceptrian#Adjective|derivations]] | |||
**more!? | |||
Relative form with word-order and prefix? + formal register particle | |||
====Modal verbs==== | |||
Sceptrian auxiliary verbs can either precede (dynamic) or come after (deontic, epistemic) different verb infinitives. | |||
*want, | |||
**be going to (FUT), | |||
**wish (SBJV) | |||
* can, know how to (dynamic) | |||
*can, may (deontic) | |||
* can (epistemic) | |||
**may (SBJV; epistemic) | |||
*may, be permitted, | |||
*should, | |||
* must (deontic) | |||
* must (epistemic) | |||
*dare | |||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
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* ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation! | * ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation! | ||
**''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative since inanimate ''tup''. | **''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative since inanimate ''tup''. | ||
===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||