Lifashian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (→Pronouns) |
|||
| Line 510: | Line 510: | ||
As in Russian (and possibly because of Russian influence), "X and I" is expressed through the first person plural plus ''sya'' (with) and the other name (in dative case because of the preposition); for example, "Scheherazade and I" would be expressed as ''gis sya Syahrzádehí''.<br/> | As in Russian (and possibly because of Russian influence), "X and I" is expressed through the first person plural plus ''sya'' (with) and the other name (in dative case because of the preposition); for example, "Scheherazade and I" would be expressed as ''gis sya Syahrzádehí''.<br/> | ||
This has given rise to an informal distinction between ''gis'' used as an exclusive first-person pronoun and an inclusive pronoun ''gis syam usyém'' (often contracted in speech to {{IPA|[ɡiʃæm(u)ˈʃeːm]}}). | This has given rise to an informal distinction between ''gis'' used as an exclusive first-person pronoun and an inclusive pronoun ''gis syam usyém'' (often contracted in speech to {{IPA|[ɡiʃæm(u)ˈʃeːm]}}). | ||
====Atonic third-person forms==== | |||
Third person pronouns include two unstressed forms which are used instead of the full pronouns, a phenomenon similar to many Romance languages. Generally they cannot be used with prepositions and need to precede the verb, unlike the full pronouns which can be placed either before or after the verb (and, in unmarked sentences, are among the few elements that usually follow the verb). The two unstressed clitics are '''es''' and '''na''': | |||
* '''es''' is a dative clitic that can substitute any of ''letási, letasyé, letós'' and ''letábi'': | |||
*: ''Tom námirom elém letási.'' "I gave him the book." > ''Tom námirom es elém.'' "I gave 3SG the book." (Whom or what the clitic refers to depends on context) | |||
* '''na''' is a genitive clitic that can substitute any of ''letosy, letassyá, letyám'' and ''letásam'', as well as (and more commonly) ablative phrases with the preposition ''hó'' (from) or ''háp'' (about); in fact, the clitic derives from an older ablative form. | |||
*: ''Deyhámrey hó Abuzábi agódaha.'' "I came back from Abu Dhabi yesterday." ''Deyhámrey na agódaha.'' "I came back from there yesterday." | |||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||