Lifashian: Difference between revisions

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===Numerals===
===Numerals===
====Cardinal numerals====
====Cardinal numerals====
Lifashian cardinal numerals are inflected for case only in the forms from 1 to 3 (and numbers ending in the digits 1-3), which also agree in gender with the noun, as well as 100 and 1000; however, while 1-3 have their own peculiar declensions, hundreds and thousands decline as nouns.<br/>Zero is ''syúˤh'', a calque of Arabic ''ṣifr'' (from ''syúhás'' "empty").
Lifashian cardinal numerals are inflected for case only in the forms from 1 to 4 (and numbers ending in the digits 1-4), which also agree in gender with the noun, as well as 100 and 1000; however, while 1-4 have their own peculiar declensions, hundreds and thousands decline as nouns.<br/>Zero is ''syúˤh'', a calque of Arabic ''ṣifr'' (from ''syúhás'' "empty").


The declension of 1-4 is as follows:
The declension of 1-4 is as follows:
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! Accusative
! Accusative
| tirm || tír || tisram
| tirm || tír || tisram
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''máyi, máyes, máyá'' (four)
|-
! !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| '''máyi''' || '''máyá''' || '''máyes'''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan=2 | máyám || máyehám
|-
! Dative
| colspan=3 | máybi
|-
! Accusative
| máyás || máyá || máyás
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


Numerals from 4 to 10 are indeclinable:
Numerals from 5 to 10 are indeclinable:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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! Accusative
! Accusative
| tirdasyam || tírdasyam || tisrandasyam
| tirdasyam || tírdasyam || tisrandasyam
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''máyilasyam, máyálasyam, máyestasyam'' (thirteen)
|-
! !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| '''máyilasyam''' || '''máyálasyam''' || '''máyistasyam'''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan=2 | máyándasyam || máyehándasyam
|-
! Dative
| colspan=3 | máybilasyam
|-
! Accusative
| máyástasyam || máyálasyam || máyástasyam
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! Digit(s) !! Numeral
! Digit(s) !! Numeral
|-
! 14
| '''múyulasyam'''
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
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|}
|}


The other numerals 20-99 follow the same overall rules:
Units beyond the tens from 21 onwards are not compound numerals in modern Lifashian, while they were in older stages of the language. Nowadays, they are written with a conjoined particle ''-u-'', which is considered by grammarians an euphonic vowel but is, diachronically, a heavily reduced form of the particle *upo (on) cliticized to the preceding numeral.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! 21
! 21
| nyastílásti ''m'', nyálílásti ''f'', nyandílásti ''n''
| lílásti-u-nyé ''m'', lílásti-u-nyá ''f'', lílásti-u-nyam ''n''
<br/>''(obsolete):'' nyastílásti ''m'', nyálílásti ''f'', nyandílásti ''n''
|-
|-
! 22
! 22
| lúˤlílásti ''m'', luwáˤlílásti ''f'', luyóˤlílásti ''n''
| lílásti-u-lúˤ ''m'', lílásti-u-luwáˤ ''f'', lílásti-u-luyóˤ ''n''
<br/>''(obsolete):'' lúˤlílásti ''m'', luwáˤlílásti ''f'', luyóˤlílásti ''n''
|-
|-
! 23
! 23
| teristílásti ''m'', tisyardílásti ''f'', tírdílásti ''n''
| lílásti-u-teri ''m'', lílásti-u-tisyar ''f'', lílásti-u-tír ''n''
<br/>''(obsolete):'' teristílásti ''m'', tisyardílásti ''f'', tírdílásti ''n''
|-
|-
! 24
! 24
| múyulílásti
| lílásti-u-máyi ''m'', lílásti-u-máyes ''f'', lílásti-u-máyá ''n''
<br/>''(obsolete):'' máyilílásti ''m'', máyestílásti ''f'', máyálílásti ''n''
|-
|-
! 25
! 25
| pembilílásti
| lílásti-u-pembi
<br/>''(obsolete):'' pembilílásti
|-
|-
! 26
! 26
| géstílásti
| lílásti-u-gésy
<br/>''(obsolete):'' géstílásti
|-
|-
! 27
! 27
| sutondílásti
| lílásti-u-sutom<br/>''(obsolete):'' sutondílásti
|-
|-
! 28
! 28
| fastúlílásti
| lílásti-u-fastú<br/>''(obsolete):'' fastúlílásti
|-
|-
! 29
! 29
| núndílásti
| lílásti-u-nún<br/>''(obsolete):'' núndílásti
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| '''tiresyát'''
| '''tíˤsyát'''
|-
|-
! 31
! 31
| nyastiresyát ''m'', nyátiresyát ''f'', nyantiresyát ''n''
| tíˤsyát-u-nyé ''m'', tíˤsyát-u-nyá ''f'', tíˤsyát-u-nyam ''n''
<br/>''(obsolete):'' nyastíˤsyát ''m'', nyátíˤsyát ''f'', nyantíˤsyát ''n''
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| múyusyát
| mehíˤsyát
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| pembisyát
| pembéˤsyát
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| géssyát
| gésyeˤsyát
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| sutóssyát
| sutemsyát
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
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|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| nússyát
| núˤnesyát
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| '''syandom'''
| '''syutam'''
|-
|-
! 101
! 101
| syandom nyé ''m'', syandom nyá ''f'', syandom nyam ''n''
| syutam nyé ''m'', syutam nyá ''f'', syutam nyam ''n''
|-
|-
! 157
! 157
| syandom sutompembisyát
| syutam sutompembisyát
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
| '''luyóˤsyandá'''
| '''luyóˤsyutá'''
|-
|-
! 300
! 300
| '''tírsyandá'''
| '''tírsyutá'''
|-
|-
! 400
! 400
| '''múyusyandá'''
| '''mehísyutá'''
|-
|-
! 500
! 500
| '''pembisyandá'''
| '''pembisyutá'''
|-
|-
! 600
! 600
| '''géssyandá'''
| '''géssyutá'''
|-
|-
! 700
! 700
| '''sutossyandá'''
| '''sutossyutá'''
|-
|-
! 800
! 800
| '''fastúsyandá'''
| '''fastúsyutá'''
|-
|-
! 900
! 900
| '''núnsyandá'''
| '''núnsyutá'''
|}
|}


Similarly, 1000 is the neuter noun '''hesyarom''', also declined as a regular third declension noun. In the standard language, stress is on the first syllable of the stem. Unlike with hundreds, thousands are never written conjoined, e.g. 2000 ''luyó hesyará'', 4896 ''pitór hesyará fastúsyandá gésynússyát''.
Similarly, 1000 is the neuter noun '''hesyarom''', also declined as a regular third declension noun. In the standard language, stress is on the first syllable of the stem. Unlike with hundreds, thousands are never written conjoined, e.g. 2000 ''luyó hesyará'', 4896 ''pitór hesyará fastúsyutá núˤnesyát-u-gésy''.


====Ordinal numerals====
====Ordinal numerals====
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|}
|}


====Adverbial numerals====
<!-- ====Adverbial numerals====
Adverbial numerals are indeclinable adverbs meaning "X times". Numerals from 1 to 3 included are special forms, the others are regularly formed with the suffix ''-mát'' , an original suffixless locative (cfr. Skr. ''māti'', A-Gr. ''μῆτις''):
Adverbial numerals are indeclinable adverbs meaning "X times". Numerals from 1 to 3 included are special forms, the others are regularly formed with the suffix ''-mát'' , an original suffixless locative (cfr. Skr. ''māti'', A-Gr. ''μῆτις''):


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Collective numerals are used in order to count pluralia tantum or collective nouns. They have the form of fifth declension nouns used in the plural only (except for "one"); however, they do not decline for gender.  
Collective numerals are used in order to count pluralia tantum or collective nouns. They have the form of fifth declension nouns used in the plural only (except for "one"); however, they do not decline for gender.  


All collective numerals are regularly formed by adding ''-é'' (or ''-né'' after vowels) to the cardinal stem (hence without the endings for ''syandom'' and compounds), with the exception of the irregular 1 (''nyané''), 2 (''liyé''), and 3 (''teré''). The number four is a partial exception as it adds ''-né'' to the consonant-ending stem, i.e. resulting in ''múyné''.
All collective numerals are regularly formed by adding ''-é'' (or ''-né'' after vowels) to the cardinal stem (hence without the endings for ''syandom'' and compounds), with the exception of the irregular 1 (''nyané''), 2 (''liyé''), and 3 (''teré''). The number four is a partial exception as it adds ''-né'' to the consonant-ending stem, i.e. resulting in ''múyné''. -->


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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