Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions

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The laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''h₃'' merged in Proto-Carpathian, just as in Proto-Anatolian, and was preserved as a glottal fricative /h/. When preceding a consonant this new ''*h'' was lost, acting in the same way as ''*h₁'': Proto-Carpathian ''*stáhtei'' > ''stā́tei'' “to become” (from PIE ''*stéh₂ti''). In other positions the reflex of PIE laryngeals was retained: PIE ''*stoh₂éyeti'' > Carpathian ''stàhītei'' “to determine”; PIE ''*kruh₂és'' (genitive) > Carpathian ''kurùhis'' “blood” (dialectal ''karaũhis'', from nominative ''*kréwh₂s''); PIE ''*welh₃is'' > Carpathian wel̃his “ghost”. Word-finally, however, the laryngeals were also lost, probably at the same time as all final consonants, except for ''*s'' and ''*n'': PIE ''*dʰoHnéh₂'' > Carpathian ''dṓnā'' “grain”.
The laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''h₃'' merged in Proto-Carpathian, just as in Proto-Anatolian, and was preserved as a glottal fricative /h/. When preceding a consonant this new ''*h'' was lost, acting in the same way as ''*h₁'': Proto-Carpathian ''*stáhtei'' > ''stā́tei'' “to become” (from PIE ''*stéh₂ti''). In other positions the reflex of PIE laryngeals was retained: PIE ''*stoh₂éyeti'' > Carpathian ''stàhītei'' “to determine”; PIE ''*kruh₂és'' (genitive) > Carpathian ''kurùhis'' “blood” (dialectal ''karaũhis'', from nominative ''*kréwh₂s''); PIE ''*welh₃is'' > Carpathian wel̃his “ghost”. Word-finally, however, the laryngeals were also lost, probably at the same time as all final consonants, except for ''*s'' and ''*n'': PIE ''*dʰoHnéh₂'' > Carpathian ''dṓnā'' “grain”.
==Consonant assimilation==
==Consonant assimilation==
Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”. The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects. The consonant *w was elided in clusters with labial consonants, followed by it: PIE ''*bʰuHeh₁t'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''b'''w'''ēt'' — Carpathian ''bē'' “was”. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants).
Many heterorganic consonant clusters were assimilated in Proto-Carpathian, giving rise to geminate consonants: PIE ''*h₁n̥h₃mén'' > Carpathian ''immin'' “name”; PIE ''*déḱsinos'' > Common Carpathian ''deśśinas'' “right”.
 
The consonant *w was elided in clusters with labial consonants, followed by it: PIE ''*bʰuHeh₁t'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''b'''w'''ēt'' — Carpathian ''bē'' “was”. Clusters with ''*h'' simplified by eliding the glottal fricative, except for clusters with sonorants, where ''h'' was the second element, which were preserved in most dialects (sometimes as plain voiceless sonorants).


Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. However, some complex consonant clusters were simply reduced instead: ''*dilbtilas'' > ''diltilas'' “woodpecker”. Clusters with a dental or velar plosive followed by a sibilant were usually resolved by assimilation to that sibilant: PIE ''*pleth₂-som'' — Modern Carpathian ''pelessa'' “glacial lake”; ''*muHdʰ-stlom'' — ''mūslis'' “thought” (via ''*mūssəsla'' → ''*mūsslis'' → ''mūslis''). When a sibilant is in a cluster between two consonants, it disappears: Proto-Carpathian ''*lōk'''š'''tawis'' — modern ''lōktawis'' “swallow” (from PIE ''*lek-ti'' “to jump”). A special case is initial clusters with a plosive, followed by a sibilant, in which case instead of pleophony, metathesis took place: PIE ''*k⁽ʷ⁾sowdós'' — Carpathian ''skaudùs'' “small, dispersed”.
Clusters of sonorants or sibilants, followed by plosives were permissible and thus remained unchanged. The reverse clusters (with plosives as the first element of a cluster), as well as clusters with more than two consonants and some heterorganic clusters, were resolved by vowel [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]], also called '''pleophony''' after a similar process in the East Slavic languages: PIE ''*bʰrodʰos'' > Carpathian ''baràdas'' (Western ''boràdas'') “ford”. This also affected borrowings from the neighbouring languages: Slavic ''*korl′ь'' > Carpathian ''koròlias/karàlias'' “king”, the "rl"-cluster being a heterorganic sonorant cluster, difficult to pronounce. However, some complex consonant clusters were simply reduced instead: ''*dilbtilas'' > ''diltilas'' “woodpecker”. Clusters with a dental or velar plosive followed by a sibilant were usually resolved by assimilation to that sibilant: PIE ''*pleth₂-som'' — Modern Carpathian ''pelessa'' “glacial lake”; ''*muHdʰ-stlom'' — ''mūslis'' “thought” (via ''*mūssəsla'' → ''*mūsslis'' → ''mūslis''). When a sibilant is in a cluster between two consonants, it disappears: Proto-Carpathian ''*lōk'''š'''tawis'' — modern ''lōktawis'' “swallow” (from PIE ''*lek-ti'' “to jump”). A special case is initial clusters with a plosive, followed by a sibilant, in which case instead of pleophony, metathesis took place: PIE ''*k⁽ʷ⁾sowdós'' — Carpathian ''skaudùs'' “small, dispersed”.
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The clusters ''*sr'', ''*śr'' and ''*źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''*h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumēn'' — Carpathian ''staraũmēn'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Izdrajelis'' “Israel”.
The clusters ''*sr'', ''*śr'' and ''*źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''*h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumēn'' — Carpathian ''staraũmēn'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Izdrajelis'' “Israel”.
===Palatalisation===
The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''*j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''*kj'' and ''*gj'' merged with the respective reflexes of ''*tj'' and ''*dj''. The rare cluster ''*hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''*stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''*j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''*nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”.
Some dialects, particularly in the eastern highlands, also undergo [[w:Labialization|labialisation]], though this process is not regular or widespread: Standard ''swestī'' “sister” — [sʷɛ̀s.tiː] or [sỳs.tiː], sometimes spelt ''süstī'' in those dialects.


==Dialectal differentiation==
==Dialectal differentiation==
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