Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
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In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''*z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''*s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''*mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''*s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#*NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#*DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''. | In the Western dialects, since ''ź'' became ''ž'', there was no separate phoneme ''*z'', which was only present before ''d'' and ''g'' as an allophone of ''*s'': ''mo'''z'''gū'' “brain” from PIE ''*mosgʰḗn''. After the Western-Eastern split a new affective ''z'' appeared in Western Carpathian from the original ''s'' in a similar fashion to ''š'' of Eastern Carpathian, however, this sound change was more regular and is called '''Zupitsa's law''' which formulates the following: in words with a nasal consonant initial or an initial voiced plosive followed by ''r'' or ''l'', ''*s'' becomes ''z'': ('''#*NV(N)s->#NV(N)z-''' or '''#*DVRV(N)s->#DVRV(N)z-'''): ''mem'''z'''a'' “meat”, ''golō'''z'''a'' “glitter”, ''girim'''z'''is'' “dirt” (Eastern ''messa'', ''galōsa'' and ''girissis'' respectively). The only exception from this law is the final ''-s''. | ||
===Nasal assimilation=== | ===Nasal assimilation=== | ||
The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''*m'' assimilates, while ''*n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is | The nasal consonants did not assimilate to following consonants in Proto-Carpathians, which is also true for almost all modern dialects: Western Carpathian ''šu'''m'''ta'' “hundred”, Eastern Carpathian ''i'''m'''tei'' “to take, to have”. However, in Eastern Carpathian a nasal consonant always assimilates to its following fricative: dial. ''gassis'' “goose” (standard ''gansis''), ''sassēdas'' “neighbour” (dial. ''sansēdas'', Western ''samsēdas''). In the standard only ''*m'' assimilates, while ''*n'' usually stays intact, only becoming [ŋ] before velars. The dialect of the Eastern Carpathian Highlands keeps the cluster ''nh'' distinct from ''n'', usually as voiceless [n̥], since /h/ is typically voiceless near other consonants in that dialect: ''swanhas'' “sound”, ''tinhus'' “thin” (most dialects have ''swanas'' and ''tinus'', Western standard ''swonas'', ''tinus''). | ||
===Alternations between *e and *a reflexes=== | ===Alternations between *e and *a reflexes=== | ||
Initial *a and *e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original *e and *a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''*éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''*eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''*àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''*àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations. | Initial *a and *e (as well as their long counterparts) tend to alternate between two Carpathian dialect groups. In Eastern Carpathian the reflex is usually '''a''', while in Western Carpathian it is '''e''' instead. Long "ē" and "ā" are more stable, but can appear in affective terminology: Western ''d'''ē'''dis'' — ''d'''ā'''dis'' “uncle”; ''d'''ē'''la'' ― ''d'''ā'''la'' “deed, action”; ''r'''ē'''nā'' — ''r'''ā'''nā'' “wound”. A special case in the ''er-ar''-vacillation, because the process is regular in the two branches: Western '''''e'''r'''e'''llas'' — Eastern '''''a'''r'''a'''llas'' “plough”, '''''e'''rmū'' — '''''a'''rmū'' “shoulder”. Rozwadowski's rule, shared with Balto-Slavic, may be a part of this general trend. According to this rule the original *e and *a were mixed, and both became "e" in Western Carpathian and "a" in Eastern Carpathian with few rare exceptions: Proto-Carpathian ''*éźera'' “lake” resulted in Western '''''e'''žera'' and Eastern '''''a'''zera''; ''*eske'' “still” → ''eske'' — ''aske''; ''*àlawa'' “lead” → ''elowa'' — ''alawa''; ''*àpsā'' “aspen” → ''espā'' — ''aspā'' (dial. ''àssis''). The rule only affected the absolute initial position, and is thus different from other e-a-vacillations. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||