Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions
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#biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk' | #biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk' | ||
#triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live' | #triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live' | ||
#4-consonant roots like | #4-consonant roots like cpalg ~ cplag 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out') | ||
Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are somewhat more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions. One example is *Hedn "being" and *Hdek "to inhabit", both derived from the root *Hed "to exist". | Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are somewhat more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions. One example is *Hedn "being" and *Hdek "to inhabit", both derived from the root *Hed "to exist". | ||
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The long nominal grade first arose in Late Proto-Lakovic: the nominal grade CVCC turned to CVCVC when doing so epenthesized less "nice" consonant clusters. Then CVCVC became analyzed as a new ablaut grade. | The long nominal grade first arose in Late Proto-Lakovic: the nominal grade CVCC turned to CVCVC when doing so epenthesized less "nice" consonant clusters. Then CVCVC became analyzed as a new ablaut grade. | ||
====Weak roots==== | ====Weak roots==== | ||
''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and * | ''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *săpQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q. | ||
With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš. | With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš. | ||
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Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication: | Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication: | ||
*'' | *''lăkof'' 'person' > ''lăkof-lăkof'' 'people' | ||
*'' | *''lban'' 'water > ''lban-lban'' 'a lot of water' | ||
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | ||
Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak '' | Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''păm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam''). | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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*''*riH'' = I | *''*riH'' = I | ||
*''* | *''*băŋ'' = we (dual inclusive) | ||
*''*śen'' = thou | *''*śen'' = thou | ||
*''*śens'' = thou (hon) | *''*śens'' = thou (hon) | ||
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*hem- = change of state for statives? | *hem- = change of state for statives? | ||
*various reduplifixes for other TAMs: | *various reduplifixes for other TAMs: | ||
**F(M) | **F(M)ă- = iterative | ||
**FaL- = intensive | **FaL- = intensive | ||
**{{angbr|iL}}, qol-{{angbr|iL}}- almost X, X a little | **{{angbr|iL}}, qol-{{angbr|iL}}- almost X, X a little | ||
** | **săL- = inceptive | ||
** | **HenFă- = frequentative | ||
** | **tăFi- = graduative | ||
** | **ongFă- = X for oneself, X in advance | ||
* {{angbr| | * {{angbr|ăp}} | ||
* {{angbr| | * {{angbr|ăŋ}} | ||
* {{angbr|it}} | * {{angbr|it}} | ||
* {{angbr| | * {{angbr|ăm/năm}} | ||
* {{angbr| | * {{angbr|ăg}} | ||
* {{angbr| | * {{angbr|kăm}} | ||
* {{angbr|lis}} | * {{angbr|lis}} | ||
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The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were: | The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were: | ||
*Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root | *Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root | ||
*The {{angbr| | *The {{angbr|ăy}} infix | ||
*using instrument, place and agent affixes. | *using instrument, place and agent affixes. | ||
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*{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs | *{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs | ||
**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}} | **Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}} | ||
*{{angbr| | *{{angbr|ăy}} = deverbal noun | ||
*{{angbr|ong}} = place noun | *{{angbr|ong}} = place noun | ||
*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument | *{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument | ||
**Wdm root vowel breathiness | **Wdm root vowel breathiness | ||
*{{angbr| | *{{angbr|ăf}} = verb forming prefix or infix | ||
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel | **Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel | ||
*bif- = agentive | *bif- = agentive | ||
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | **Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | ||
**Tseer ''ba-'' | **Tseer ''ba-'' | ||
* | *xă- = resultative (passive in Windermere) | ||
*t- = intensive, denominals | *t- = intensive, denominals | ||
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | **Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | ||
*Qu- = intensive | *Qu- = intensive | ||
**Wdm. ''th-u-'' | **Wdm. ''th-u-'' | ||
* | *yă- = adjectivizer; from ''yă'' 'with' | ||
**Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-'' | **Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-'' | ||
* ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X | * ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X | ||