Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions

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Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed:
Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed:
#'''Class 1:''' The past stem is formed by lengthening the stem vowel (but ''-a-'' "lengthens" to ''-ē-'') — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did".
#'''Class 1:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-i-''. It has two subclasses:
#<b>Class 2:</b> The past stem is formed by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged"
#:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ô'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"
<!--
#:'''b.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wiht'''taz'' "conquered"
#'''Class 3:''' The past stem is identical to the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank"-->
#'''Class 2:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-u-'' which changes to ''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled"
#'''Class 3:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'')
#'''Class 3:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-a-'', ''-e-'', or ''-i-'' that becomes ''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done"
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above, and/or the present tense has a vocalic suffix — e.g. ''*stô'' "I stand" > ''*steþai'' "I stood"
#'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skāb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skaf'''taz'' "scratched"
!!(Note: These classes will be remodelled and split based on stem vowel changes, like Proto-Germanic)<!-- with the assumption that Proto-Italic had both PIE aorist and perfective forms-->
#'''Class 5:''' The past stem has the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk"
#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged"
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'')
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*stô'' "I stand" > ''*steþai'' "I stood"


Verbs in all of these classes may or may not have a ''j''-suffix in the present tense. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives.
A verb in any of these classes may or may not have a ''j''-suffix in the present tense. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives.
 
A verb in any class may have an ''n''-infix. This infix is dropped in the past tense (both indicative and subjunctive) and the past participle.
 
Additionally, a verb in any class may have a vowel suffix ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''. Such verbs conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present tenses and participle. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê/ô-''.


The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel.
The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel.
====='''Class 1'''=====
 
'''Example (class 1): *''akizi'' "to do, act"'''
'''Example (class 3): *''akizi'' "to do, act"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
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|}
|}


'''Example (class 1, light ''j''-present): *''dahizi'' "to do, make"'''
'''Example (class 3, light ''j''-present): *''dahizi'' "to do, make"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====='''Class 2'''=====
 
'''Example: *''þragizi'' (class 2) "to sing"'''
'''Example: *''þragizi'' (class 6) "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
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|}
|}


====='''Class 3'''=====
'''Example: *''hanizi'' (class 7) "to sing"'''
'''Example: *''hanizi'' (class 3) "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
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|}
|}


'''Example (class 3, heavy ''j''-present): *''bargīzi'' "to stuff"'''
'''Example (class 7, heavy ''j''-present): *''bargīzi'' "to stuff"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
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|}
|}


====='''Irregular strong verbs'''=====
'''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê/ô-'') "to stand"'''
'''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê/ô-'') "to stand"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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