Qulmian: Difference between revisions
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|'''n''' /n/ | |'''n''' /n/ | ||
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|'''ng''' /ɴ/ | |||
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|- | |- | ||
!Plosive | !Plosive | ||
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Verbs in forms 3 and 4 may undergo a phonological process called ''T-mutation''. All verbs in these forms have a T sound after the first radical, and when the two consonants are not separated by a vowel, the T may either change its phonetic value or switch places with the first radical. | Verbs in forms 3 and 4 may undergo a phonological process called ''T-mutation''. All verbs in these forms have a T sound after the first radical, and when the two consonants are not separated by a vowel, the T may either change its phonetic value or switch places with the first radical. | ||
There are two kinds of T-mutation | There are two kinds of T-mutation rules. Some rules apply in all positions, others apply only word-initially. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|Anywhere | |Anywhere | ||
|*''mtosqa'' – ''mposqa'' | |*''mtosqa'' – ''mposqa'' | ||
|Some dialects may realize the mutated consonant as | |Some dialects may realize the mutated consonant as [b] word-initially, but it is always written and transliterated as ''p''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|nt – ng | |nt – ng | ||
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==== Word order ==== | ==== Word order ==== | ||
As explained earlier in the Cases section, Qulmian cases do not have truly fixed meanings. Prepositions are almost nonexistent, and as a result, word order is highly flexible and can be used to emphasize certain words in a sentence. For example, the sentences | As explained earlier in the Cases section, Qulmian cases do not have truly fixed meanings. Prepositions are almost nonexistent, and as a result, word order is highly flexible and can be used to emphasize certain words in a sentence. For example, the sentences | ||
* Apahna mpuloni milni | * Apahna mpuloni milni (Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES book.2) | ||
* Apahna milni mpuloni | * Apahna milni mpuloni (Apahna.1 book.2 read-3sf-PRES) | ||
* Milni Apahna mpuloni | * Milni Apahna mpuloni (book.2 Apahna.1 read-3sf-PRES) | ||
* Milni mpuloni Apahna | * Milni mpuloni Apahna (book.2 read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1) | ||
* Mpuloni milni Apahna | * Mpuloni milni Apahna (read-3sf-PRES book.2 Apahna.1) | ||
* Mpuloni Apahna milni | * Mpuloni Apahna milni (read-3sf-PRES Apahna.1 book.2) | ||
all have the exact same meaning: “Apahna is reading a book”, only with slightly different emphasis. Some orders are more common than others – the most common order is the one shown in the first example, used when no certain word is to be given special attention. | all have the exact same meaning: “Apahna is reading a book”, only with slightly different emphasis. Some orders are more common than others – the most common order is the one shown in the first example, used when no certain word is to be given special attention. | ||
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Example: | Example: | ||
- A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' | - A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' “I haven't read that book.” (no read-1s-PAST that book.2) | ||
- B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' | - B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' “You never read books at all!” (you.1 book.2.PL no read-2s-PRES never) | ||
The negated word does not have to be a verb. Nouns can be negated in the same way: | The negated word does not have to be a verb. Nouns can be negated in the same way: | ||
* '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' | * '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' “It is not the day that we must respect, but the night.” (no day-DEF.2 must respect-1p-PRES but night-DEF.2) | ||
==== Questions ==== | ==== Questions ==== | ||