Brooding: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 529: Line 529:


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
All verbs in Brooding are multi-syllable. The first syllable is a single vowel - this vowel is called the 'key vowel' of
the verb. The last syllable ends in Vowel-Consonant.
===Tense and Aspect===
Tense indicates the time frame in which an action happens. Aspect, on the other hand, indicates its internal
consistency.
Three aspects are marked in brooding:
* perfective - the action described is being looked at in its entirety - it began, it ended.
* progressive - the action is being looked at as underway - it's ongoing.
* habitual - the action is something that happens on a regular basis
We'll use the example verb: agen "to see"
The perfective version of the verb is the basic of the verb: agen
leed agen
I see
"I see"
The progressive form of the verb takes the key vowel and appends it to the end of the word: agena
leed agena
I see-PROG
"I am seeing"
The habitual form is a little more complex. The last vowel of the verb is moved to the end, and is replaced by the
key vowel: agane
leed agane
I see-HAB
"I see (often, usually)"
Brooding has two tenses: past and non-past. The non-past timeframe is usually present, but you can indicate a
future through a mood auxilary (see later).
The past version of a verb is where the key vowel of the verb is replaced with the contrasting vowel.
So agen becomes aagen.
leed aagen
I see-PAST
"I saw"
leed aagenaa
I see-PROG/PAST
"I was seeing"
leed aagaane
I see-HAB/PAST
"I used to see"
Negation
Negation of verbs is marked by adding zr to the beginning of the verb. This applies to all versions of the verb.
Affirmative: agen
Negative: zragen
leed zragen
I NEG-see
"I do not see"
leed zraagaane
I NEG-see-HAB/PAST
"I did not used to see"
Nominalization
Nominalization is converting a verb into a noun. Brooding has several ways of doing this. In all cases, it involves
inserting sounds after the key vowel. In some of those cases, the key vowel is replicated (where listed below, it is
symbolized with V).
Basic verb:
agen - to see
Action: insert nd
andgen - the act of seeing
Agent - particular: insert r
argen - one who sees (at this moment in time)
Agent - habitual: insert l
algen - one who sees (often, on a regular basis)
Patient: insert sp
aspgen - one who is seen
Result: insert t
atgen - that which is seen
Instrument: insert shlV
ashlagen - something used to see with
Location: insert chV
achagen - a place where something is seen
Nominalization can also be used with other forms of verbs as well. For example:
zralgen - one who does not see
aatgen - that which was seen
Serial verbs
Brooding allows verbs to be put in immediate sequence with each other in a construct called a serial verb. This is
usually to describe a series of actions that are closely associated, especially in quick succession.
For example:
leed aagen oodit awaen
I see-PAST run hide
"I saw, ran and hid"
In this case, the verbs for see, run and hide are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the
first verb (aagehn) is marked in the past - the rest of the verbs are just listed in their basic form. Also note that
this isn't a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase.
Object Incorporation
A form of compounding for verbs in Brooding is called object incorporation. This is when the object of the
sentence is combined with the verb. For example, instead of saying "He hits the cow", the object incorporated
version of the sentence would be "He cow-hits".
To incorporate the object, the verb is appended to the object form of the noun to create the new verb. The key
vowel of the new verb is the first vowel of the new word. That new verb can be inflected like any other verb
fosh ipeg ofoos
he/she hit cow-OBJ
"He hits a cow"
fosh ofoosipeg
he/she cow-OBJ-hit
"He hits a cow (literally cow-hits)"
This is a productive procedure in Brooding - you can do it with any sentence with a single word object. However,
it is more likely to be used when incorporating the object gives a distinct meaning. By using an incorporated
object, the verb would indicate a specific idiomatic meaning, or a connotation to the action that would be
specific to that combination of verb and object. An example from English would be 'cowtipping', which has
a more specific meaning. Or it would contrast to a verb like 'waiter-tipping' (the two having very different
meanings).
Verb operations
Causation
Compounding with the verb ootawn (to cause) creates a verb where the subject is the entity causing and the
object is what is being affected. For intransitive verbs, the new verb is transitive in that it takes an object.
leed awaen
I hide
"I hide"
fosh ootawnawaen ileed
he/she cause-hide I-OBJ
"He hides me" (he make-hides me).
Note that you can still use cause as just a verb in conjunction with a noun clause. The difference between the
two is similar to English - the wordier version implies a level of separation that the compound does not.
fosh ootawn andwaen oofruh leed
he/she cause hide-action of I
"He causes me to hide" (lit "He causes the hiding of me").
Reflexives and reciprocals
Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other.
These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words.
Reflexive - oo
Reciprocal - oone
leed okhair oo
I hit REF
"I hit myself"
fo okhair oo
they hit REF
"They hit themselves"
fo okhair oone
they hit REC
"They hit each other"
As in English, you can use a reflexive as part of emphasis for an intransitive verb ("I hide myself"). However, in
Brooding, you explicitly have to make the intransitive verb a transitive one:
leed ootawnawaen oo
I cause-hide REF
"I hide myself" ("I cause-hide myself")
Passive voice
In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as "The
cow is seen". If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: "The cow was seen by me."
In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding
is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is
mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ite.
Active:
leed agen ofoos ga
I see cow-OBJ that
"I see that cow"
Passive
ofoos ga agen
cow-OBJ that see
"That cow is seen"
ofoos ga agen ite leed
cow-OBJ that see by I
"That cow is seen by me"


== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Brooding"