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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs are conjugated for person, number, tense/aspect, and mood. Regular verbs have 4 simple tenses in the Indicative (i.e. Present, Imperfect, Preterite, Pluperfect) plus an Imperative mood. The irregular verb ''bot'' "be" also has a conjugated Future Indicative and a Subjunctive Present and Past. ''Bot'' may be used as an auxiliary to form Present and Past Continuous tenses and, less commonly, Future and Subjunctive Past tenses for regular verbs. | |||
====Regular Verbs==== | ====Regular Verbs==== | ||
The conjugation of regular verbs follows the pattern of ''caro'' (stem: ''car-'') "love": | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1sg <br> 2sg <br> 3sg <br> 1pl <br> 2pl <br> 3pl <br> Imp | ! 1sg <br> 2sg <br> 3sg <br> 1pl <br> 2pl <br> 3pl <br> Imp | ||
|'' | |'' carav <br> ceridh* <br> car <br> caren <br> caret <br> carant <br> cerir*'' | ||
| '' | | ''carun <br> carout <br> care <br> carem <br> carewch <br> carent <br> cerit*'' | ||
| '' | | ''ceres* <br> cerest* <br> caras <br> carsam <br> carsawch <br> carsant <br> carat'' | ||
| '' | | ''carsun <br> carsout <br> carse <br> carsem <br> carsewch <br> carsent <br> cersit*'' | ||
| ''- <br> | | ''- <br> car <br> caret <br> carem <br> cerit* <br> carent <br> - | ||
|-'' | |-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | |||
* Verbs with ''a'' in the stem undergo [[Cumbraek#Vowel Affection|I-Affection]] in forms marked with *, including the Preterite endings ''-es, -est''. | |||
* The Present tense can also convey a future sense, e.g. ''mi canav'' "I'm singing" and "I will sing". | |||
* Some verbs undergo [[Cumbraek#Vowel Mutation|alternation]] in the 3sg. Present, e.g. ''per'' "causes" < ''par-'', ''ettip'' "answers" < ''atteb-'' etc. | |||
* A number of verbs do not follow the regular pattern of conjugation in the Preterite singular: | |||
** Some verbs with ''a'' in the stem take ''-is'' in the 3sg and undergo I-Affection, e.g. ''peris'' "caused", ''levris'' "spoke". | |||
** A few verbs have Preterite singular forms in ''-t'' or ''-th''. These follow the pattern of either ''cano'' "sing" or ''cumbrit'' (stem: ''cummer-'') "take": | |||
*** ''cano'': ''cent'' "I sang", ''centost'' "you sang", ''cant'' "he/she/it sang". | |||
*** ''cumbrit'': ''cummirth'' "I took", ''cummirthest'' "you took", ''cummerth'' "he/she/it took". | |||
** A few verbs with a stem ending in ''-ed'' or ''-edh'' have a 3sg Preterite ending in ''-ot'' or ''-odh''. The most important of these are ''dewot'' "said", ''gwoat'' "said" (< ''gwedo''), ''estodh'' "sat", ''gorwodh'' "lay down". | |||
** The verb ''cluwet'' "hear" has an irregular 3sg Preterite ''ciglow'' beside regular ''cluwas''. | |||
* Verbs with stems ending in a vowel undergo contraction with the endings, e.g. ''glanháv'' "I clean", ''troes'' "I turned". | |||
====''Bot'' "Be"==== | |||
The most important irregular verb is ''bot'' "be": | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! | | |||
! colspan="5" | Indicative | |||
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive | |||
! style="width: 100px; " rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 50px; " | | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Present | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Future | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Imperfect | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Preterite | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Pluperfect | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Present | |||
! style="width: 100px; " | Past | |||
|- | |||
! 1sg <br> 2sg <br> 3sg <br> 1pl <br> 2pl <br> 3pl <br> Imp | |||
|'' oov <br> oot <br> iw, ais, ema <br> imm <br> ich <br> int, emant <br> is'' | |||
| ''bidhav <br> bidhidh <br> bidh <br> bidhen <br> bidhet <br> bidhant <br> bidhir'' | |||
| ''aidhun <br> aidhout <br> aidh <br> aidhem <br> aidhewch <br> aidhent <br> aidhit'' | |||
| ''boum <br> bouest <br> bou <br> bouam <br> bouawch <br> bouant <br> bouat'' | |||
| ''boussun <br> boussout <br> bousse <br> boussem <br> boussewch <br> boussent <br> boussit'' | |||
| ''bov <br> boi <br> bo <br> bóm <br> boch <br> bónt <br> boer'' | |||
| ''beun <br> beout <br> be <br> beem <br> béwch <br> beent <br> beit'' | |||
| ''- <br> bidh <br> bit <br> bidhem <br> bidhit <br> bidhent <br> - | |||
|-'' | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
* There are three separate words for the 3sg of ''bot'': | |||
** ''iw'' is the copula used with definite subjects whenever the complement precedes, e.g. ''Hen iw Dewidh'' "David is old" | |||
** ''ema'' means "there is" and is a locative verb used whenever a subject is linked to an adverbial phrase indicative location, including with the interrogative ''cud'' "where", e.g. ''Ema cath war er loar'' "There is a cat on the floor", ''Cud ema'r egloos?'' "Where is the church?". ''Ema'' is also used in the progressive idiom (see below). | |||
** ''Ais'' is used in negative, interrogative and conditional sentences with an indefinite subject, e.g. ''Ned ais cath war er loar'' "There is not a cat on the floor". | |||
* 3pl ''emant'' is used as a locative verb when the subject is the 3pl pronoun "they". | |||
* Impersonal ''is'' is used as a copula with a definite subject when the complement follows the verb, e.g. ''Dewidh is hen'' "David is old". | |||
* Bot has a special present relative form, ''essidh'' "who is/are", used when the antecedent is the subject, e.g. ''Er din essidh mu mroadur'' "The man who is my brother". | |||
* Unlike with regular verbs, the Present tense of ''bot'' is present in meaning only, the Future tense being required to indicate future time. | |||
* The Present Subjunctive is rare to the point of obsolescence but does occur in archaic, particularly religious, texts and idioms. | |||
====Other Irregular Verbs==== | |||
'''''Goobot''''' "know (a fact)" has a very irregular Present tense: ''gunn, gudhost, goor, gudhen, gudhet, gudhant, gwis''. The Imperfect is formed from ''goodh-'' with regular Imperfect endings (''goodhun, goodhout'' etc). The Preterite, Pluperfect and Imperative are formed with ''goo-'' + the relevant form of ''bot'' (''gooboum, gooboussun, goobidh'' etc.). | |||
'''''Anawbot''''' "know (a person)" is relatively regular but formed on two stems. The Present and Imperfect use ''adoyn-'' with the regular endings (''adoynav, adoynun'' etc.). The Preterite, Pluperfect and Imperative use ''anaw-'' with the relevant part of ''bot'' (''anawboum, anawboussun, anawbidh''). | |||
'''''Devot''''' "come" is similarly formed with regular endings on the stem ''dow-'' in the Present and Imperfect (''dowav, dowun'' etc.) and follows the conjugation of ''bot'' in the Preterite and Pluperfect, but with ''v'' for ''b'' (''devoum, devoussun'' etc.). The Imperative is regularly formed on ''dow-'', except for the 2sg. forms ''dos'' and ''deret''. | |||
'''''Munet''''' "go" has three separate stems. The Present, Imperfect and Imperative use the stem ''a-'', which is contracted with regular endings (''av, aun'' etc.); the 2sg. Imperative is written ''á'' to distinguish it from several other words written ''a''. The 3sg Preterite is ''ayth'' and the other persons are formed on this regularly (''eythes'' "I went", ''aytham'' "we went" etc.). In the Pluperfect the stem is ''el-'' with regular endings (''elsun, elsout'' etc.). | |||
'''''Gwreyth''''' "do, make" follows the conjugation of ''munet'' in the Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Pluperfect, using the stems ''gwra-'' and ''gwrel-'' (''gwrav, gwraun, gwra, gwrelsun''). The Preterite is formed regularly on the stem ''gwroug-'' but with 3sg forms ''gorow'' and ''gwrayth''. | |||
===Verbal Particles=== | ===Verbal Particles=== | ||