Brooding: Difference between revisions

| ''leed'' || ''zragen''

| I || NEG-see

'I do not see.'

| ''leed'' || ''zraagaane''

| I || NEG-see-HAB/PAST

'I did not used to see.'

In this case, the verbs for see, run and hide are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the first verb (''aagen'') is marked in the past - the rest of the verbs are just listed in their basic form. Also note that this isn't a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase.

| ''fosh'' || ''ipeg'' || ''ofoos''

| he/she || hit || cow-OBJ

'He hits a cow.'

| ''fosh'' || ''ofoosipeg''

| he/she || cow-OBJ-hit

'He hits a cow.' (Literally: "He cow-hits.")

This is a productive procedure in Brooding - you can do it with any sentence with a single word object. However, it is more likely to be used when incorporating the object gives a distinct meaning. By using an incorporated object, the verb would indicate a specific idiomatic meaning, or a connotation to the action that would be specific to that combination of verb and object. An example from English would be 'cow-tipping', which has a more specific meaning. Or it would contrast to a verb like 'waiter-tipping' (the two having very different meanings).

Compounding with the verb ''ootawn'' (to cause) creates a verb where the subject is the entity causing and the object is what is being affected. For intransitive verbs, the new verb is transitive in that it takes an object.

| ''leed'' || ''awaen''

| I || hide

'I hide.'

| ''fosh'' || ''ootawnawaen'' || ''ileed''

| he/she || cause-hide || I-OBJ

'He hides me.' (He make-hides me.)

Note that you can still use cause as just a verb in conjunction with a noun clause. The difference between the two is similar to English - the wordier version implies a level of separation that the compound does not.

| ''fosh'' || ''ootawn'' || ''andwaen'' || ''oofruh'' || ''leed''

| he/she || cause || hide-action || of || I

'He causes me to hide.' (Literally: "He causes the hiding of me.")

Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other. These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words.

| ''leed'' || ''ipeg'' || ''oo''

| I || hit || REFL

 

'I hit myself.'

| ''fo'' || ''ipeg'' || ''oo''

| they || hit || REFL

'They hit themselves.'

| ''fo'' || ''ipeg'' || ''oone''

| they || hit || RECP

'They hit each other.'

As in English, you can use a reflexive as part of emphasis for an intransitive verb ("I hide myself"). However, in Brooding, you explicitly have to make the intransitive verb a transitive one:

| ''leed'' || ''ootawnawaen'' || ''oo''

| I || cause-hide || REFL

'I hide myself.' ("I cause-hide myself.")

In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as "The cow is seen". If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: "The cow was seen by me."

In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ''ite''.