Maltcégj: Difference between revisions

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== Adpositions ==
== Adpositions ==


Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels.
Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels, as shown below. (Nouns can only end in the vowels <i>, <a>, <ǫ>, <o>, and <u>. Nouns cannot end in <e> or <y>. Nouns ending in <ʌ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʌ'' and ''-ʌk'', where the final <ʌ> of the noun becomes <l>. Nouns ending in <ʀ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʀ'', which becomes ''-hʀ''. Most changes, however, simply involve adding an epenthetic <h> before the prefix or adding a diæresis or dot to the vowel of the adposition.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-! C#-  !! [i]#-  !! [a,ǫ]#-   !! [o,u]#-  !! Example !! Case !! Eng. !! Ger. !! Lat. !! Esp. !! Notes
! !! V#- !! Example !! Case !! Eng. !! Ger. !! Lat. !! Esp. !! Notes
|-| '''''-''''' || '''''-i#- ''''' || '''''-a#-''''' || '''''-o#- ''''' || ''ek klag gnir.''<brThe book is green.' || Nominative  || -  || (''Nom.'')  || (''Nom.'')  || -  || Subject.
|-
|-| '''''a''''' || '''''-i#ȧ ''''' || '''''-a#ha''''' || '''''-o#ȧ ''''' || ''dydkulóm jǫg klág'''a'''.''<br>'I saw '''the book'''.'  || Accusative  || -  || (''Acc.'') || (''Acc.'')  || -n  || Direct object.
| '''''-''''' || '''''-''''' || ''ek klag gnir.''<brThe book is green.' || Nominative || - || (''Nom.'') || (''Nom.'') || - || Subject.
|-| '''''að''''' || '''''-i#ȧð ''''' || '''''-a#hað''''' || '''''-o#ȧð ''''' || 'to the book' || Dative  || to  || zu (+ ''Dat.'') || ad || al || Indirect object.
|-
|-| '''''ai''''' || '''''-i#ȧi ''''' || '''''-a#hai'''''  || '''''-o#ȧi '''''  || 'through (the middle of) the book'  || Perlative || through  || durch (+ ''Acc.'')  || per  ||  ||
| '''''a''''' || '''''ha''''' || ''dydkulóm jǫg klág'''a'''.''<br>'I saw '''the book'''.' || Accusative || - || (''Acc.'') || (''Acc.'') || -n || Direct object.
|-| '''''aj''''' || '''''-i#ȧj ''''' || '''''-a#haj'''''  || '''''-o#ȧj ''''' || 'during/throughout the book' || Temporal Durative  || during  || während (+ ''Gen.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ala''''' || '''''-i#ȧla ''''' || '''''-a#hala'''''  || '''''-o#ȧla ''''' || 'between the books' || Intrative  || between, among  || zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'') || inter  ||  || Automatically implies plural.
| '''''að''''' || '''''hað''''' || 'to the book'  || Dative || to || zu (+ ''Dat.'') || ad || al || Indirect object.
|-| '''''alm''''' || '''''-i#ȧlm ''''' || '''''-a#halm''''' || '''''-o#ȧlm ''''' || 'without the book' || Abesso-caritive  || without  || ohne (+ ''Acc.'') || sine  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''alx''''' || '''''-i#ȧlx ''''' || '''''-a#halx'''''  || '''''-o#ȧlx ''''' || 'on (the side of) the book' || Adessive  || on || an (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
| '''''ai''''' || '''''hai''''' || 'through (the middle of) the book' || Perlative || through || durch (+ ''Acc.'') || per ||  ||
|-| '''''ap''''' || '''''-i#ȧp ''''' || '''''-a#hap'''''  || '''''-o#ȧp ''''' || 'on (top of) the book' || Superessive  || on  || auf (+ ''Dat.'') || ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''arak''''' || '''''-i#ȧrak ''''' || '''''-a#harak''''' || '''''-o#ȧrak''''' || '(leaning) against the book' || Revertive  || against  || gegen (+ ''Acc.'') || versus ||  ||
| '''''aj''''' || '''''haj''''' || 'during/throughout the book' || Temporal Durative || during || während (+ ''Gen.'') ||  ||  ||
|-| '''''av''''' || '''''-i#ȧv ''''' || '''''-a#hav''''' || '''''-o#ȧv ''''' || 'after the book' || Postessive  || following  || folgend, zunächst  || post  || ||
|-
|-| '''''eð''''' || '''''-i#ëð ''''' || '''''-a#heð'''''  || '''''-o#ëð ''''' || 'around the book' || Circumessive  || around  || um (+ ''Acc.'') || circum ||  ||
| '''''ala''''' || '''''hala''''' || 'between the books' || Intrative || between, among || zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'') || inter ||  || Automatically implies plural.
|-| '''''eki''''' || '''''-i#ëki ''''' || '''''-a#heki'''''  || '''''-o#ëki ''''' || 'up to/until the book' || Allato-terminative || until  || bis (+ ''Acc.'') || ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''eloï''''' || '''''-i#ëloï ''''' || '''''-a#heloï''''' || '''''-o#ëloï''''' || 'about/concerning the book' || || about  || über (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
| '''''alm''''' || '''''halm''''' || 'without the book' || Abesso-caritive || without || ohne (+ ''Acc.'') || sine || ||
|-| '''''em''''' || '''''-i#ëm ''''' || '''''-a#hem''''' || '''''-o#ëm ''''' || 'over/above the book' || || over  || über (+ ''Dat.'') || supra  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ei''''' || '''''-i#ëi ''''' || '''''-a#hei''''' || '''''-o#ëi ''''' || 'in the book' || Inessive  || in  || in (+ ''Dat.'') || in(tra) ||  ||
| '''''alx''''' || '''''halx''''' || 'on (the side of) the book' || Adessive || on || an (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-| '''''fra''''' || '''''-i#fra ''''' || '''''-a#fra''''' || '''''-o#fra ''''' || 'with books' (as in 'strewn')  || || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''i''''' || '''''-i#hi ''''' || '''''-a#hi'''''  || '''''-o#ï ''''' || 'for the book' || Benefactive  || for  || für (+ ''Acc.'') || ||  ||
| '''''ap''''' || '''''hap''''' || 'on (top of) the book' || Superessive || on || auf (+ ''Dat.'') || || ||
|-| '''''ið''''' || '''''-i#hið ''''' || '''''-a#hið'''''  || '''''-o#ïð '''''  || 'before/prior to the book'  || Temporal || before  || bevor (+ ''Dat.'')  || ante  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ij''''' || '''''-i#hij ''''' || '''''-a#hij''''' || '''''-o#ïj ''''' || 'after the books' || Temporal  || after, according to  || nach (+ ''Dat.'') || secundum  || post ||
| '''''arak''''' || '''''harak''''' || '(leaning) against the book' || Revertive || against || gegen (+ ''Acc.'') || versus ||  ||
|-| '''''ili''''' || '''''-i#hili ''''' || '''''-a#hili'''''  || '''''-o#ïli'''''  || 'next to/beside/near the book'  || Apudessive  || next to  || neben (+ ''Dat.'')  || prope  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''im'''''  || '''''-i#him '''''  || '''''-a#him'''''  || '''''-o#ïm '''''  || 'along(side) the books'  || Vialis  || along  || (''Dat.''+) entlang  ||  ||  ||
| '''''av''''' || '''''hav''''' || 'after the book' || Postessive || following || folgend, zunächst || post ||  ||
|-| '''''is'''''  || '''''-i#his '''''  || '''''-a#his'''''  || '''''-o#ïs '''''  || 'instead of the book'  || Excambiative  || instead of  || statt (+ ''Gen.'')  ||  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''it'''''  || '''''-i#hit '''''  || '''''-a#hit'''''  || '''''-o#ït '''''  || 'behind the book'  ||  || behind  || hinter (+ ''Dat.'')  || pone, post  ||  ||
| '''''eð''''' || '''''heð''''' || 'around the book' || Circumessive || around || um (+ ''Acc.'') || circum ||  ||
|-| '''''iþ'''''  || '''''-i#hiþ '''''  || '''''-a#hiþ'''''  || '''''-o#ïþ '''''  || 'under the book'  || Subessive  || under  || unter (+ ''Dat.'')  || subter  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''lef'''''  || '''''-i#lef '''''  || '''''-a#lef'''''  || '''''-o#lef '''''  || 'like the books'  || Comparative  || like  || wie (+ ''Nom.'')  ||  ||  ||
| '''''eki''''' || '''''heki''''' || 'up to/until the book' || Allato-terminative || until || bis (+ ''Acc.'') || ||  ||
|-| '''''ʌ'''''  || '''''-i#l '''''  || '''''-a#l'''''  || '''''-o#l '''''  || 'by the book'  || Agentive  || by  || von (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ʌk'''''  || '''''-i#lk '''''  || '''''-a#lk'''''  || '''''-o#lk '''''  || 'by means of the book'  || Instrumental  || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'')  || cum  ||  ||
| '''''eloï''''' || '''''heloï''''' || 'about/concerning the book' ||  || about || über (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-| '''''o'''''  || '''''-i#ȯ '''''  || '''''-a#ho'''''  || '''''-o#hȯ '''''  || 'from the book'  || Delative  || from  || von (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''oc'''''  || '''''-i#ȯc '''''  || '''''-a#hoc'''''  || '''''-o#hȯc '''''  || 'at the time of the book'  || Temporal  || at the time of  || an (+ ''Acc.'')  ||  ||  ||
| '''''em''''' || '''''hem''''' || 'over/above the book' ||  || over || über (+ ''Dat.'') || supra || ||
|-| '''''ok'''''  || '''''-i#ȯk '''''  || '''''-a#hok'''''  || '''''-o#hȯk '''''  || 'with the book'  || Commitative  || with  || mit (+ ''Dat.'')  || simul  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ol'''''  || '''''-i#ȯl '''''  || '''''-a#hol'''''  || '''''-o#hȯl '''''  || 'except for the book'  || Exclusive  || except for  || außer (+ ''Dat.'')  ||  ||  ||
| '''''ei''''' || '''''hei''''' || 'in the book' || Inessive || in || in (+ ''Dat.'') || in(tra) ||  ||
|-| '''''om'''''  || '''''-i#ȯm '''''  || '''''-a#hom'''''  || '''''-o#hȯm '''''  || 'in front of the book'  ||  || in front of  || vor (+ ''Dat.'')  || prae  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ǫg'''''  || '''''-i#ǫ̇g '''''  || '''''-a#hǫg'''''  || '''''-o#hǫ̇g '''''  || 'anti-book'  || Contrative  || against, anti  || wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich  || contra  ||  ||
| '''''fra''''' || '''''fra''''' || 'with books' (as in 'strewn') || || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-| '''''ʀ'''''  || '''''-i#hʀ '''''  || '''''-a#hʀ'''''  || '''''-o#hʀ '''''  || 'pro-book'  ||  || for, pro  || pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich  || pro  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''ul'''''  || '''''-i#u̇l '''''  || '''''-a#hul'''''  || '''''-o#u̇l '''''  || '(made) of books'  || Exessive  || made from  || aus (+ ''Dat.'')  || ex  ||  ||
| '''''i''''' || '''''hi''''' || 'for the book' || Benefactive || for || für (+ ''Acc.'') ||  ||  ||
|-| '''''ut'''''  || '''''-i#u̇t '''''  || '''''-a#hut'''''  || '''''-o#u̇t '''''  || 'out of the book'  || Elative  || out of  || aus (+ ''Dat.'')  || ex  ||  ||
|-
|-| '''''vul'''''  || '''''-i#vul '''''  || '''''-a#vul'''''  || '''''-o#vul '''''  || 'because of the book'  || Causal  || because of  || wegen (+ ''Gen.'')  || propter  ||  ||
| '''''ið''''' || '''''hið''''' || 'before/prior to the book' || Temporal || before || bevor (+ ''Dat.'') || ante ||  ||
|-| '''''u'''''  || '''''u#ï-'''''  || '''''u#ȧ-'''''  || '''''u#ȯ- '''''  || '-’s book, the book belonging to' || Possessed || ’s, of || (''Gen.''), von || (''Gen.'') ||  ||
|-
| '''''ij''''' || '''''hij''''' || 'after the books' || Temporal || after, according to || nach (+ ''Dat.'') || secundum || post ||
|-
| '''''ili''''' || '''''hili''''' || 'next to/beside/near the book' || Apudessive || next to || neben (+ ''Dat.'') || prope || ||
|-
| '''''im''''' || '''''him''''' || 'along(side) the books' || Vialis || along || (''Dat.''+) entlang ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''is''''' || '''''his''''' || 'instead of the book' || Excambiative || instead of || statt (+ ''Gen.'') || ||  ||
|-
| '''''it''''' || '''''hit''''' || 'behind the book' ||  || behind || hinter (+ ''Dat.'') || pone, post ||  ||
|-
| '''''iþ''''' || '''''hiþ''''' || 'under the book' || Subessive || under || unter (+ ''Dat.'') || subter ||  ||
|-
| '''''lef''''' || '''''lef''''' || 'like the books' || Comparative || like || wie (+ ''Nom.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''ʌ''''' || '''''l''''' || 'by the book' || Agentive || by || von (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''ʌk''''' || '''''lk''''' || 'by means of the book' || Instrumental || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') || cum ||  ||
|-
| '''''o''''' || '''''ho''''' || 'from the book' || Delative || from || von (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''oc''''' || '''''hoc''''' || 'at the time of the book' || Temporal || at the time of || an (+ ''Acc.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''ok''''' || '''''hok''''' || 'with the book' || Commitative || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') || simul ||  ||
|-
| '''''ol''''' || '''''hol''''' || 'except for the book' || Exclusive || except for || außer (+ ''Dat.'') ||  ||  ||
|-
| '''''om''''' || '''''hom''''' || 'in front of the book' ||  || in front of || vor (+ ''Dat.'') || prae || ||
|-
| '''''ǫg''''' || '''''hǫg''''' || 'anti-book' || Contrative || against, anti || wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich || contra ||  ||
|-
| '''''ʀ''''' || '''''hʀ''''' || 'pro-book' || || for, pro || pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich || pro ||  ||
|-
| '''''ul''''' || '''''hul''''' || '(made) of books' || Exessive || made from || aus (+ ''Dat.'') || ex || ||
|-
| '''''ut''''' || '''''hut''''' || 'out of the book' || Elative || out of || aus (+ ''Dat.'') || ex ||  ||
|-
| '''''vul''''' || '''''vul''''' || 'because of the book' || Causal || because of || wegen (+ ''Gen.'') || propter ||  ||
|-
| '''''u''''' || '''''u''''' || '-’s book, the book belonging to' || Possessed || ’s, of || (''Gen.''), von || (''Gen.'') ||  ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
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