Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs - Smārjāmai===
The Laceyiami verb (''smārjām ''or ''pantäyra'', pl. ''smārjāmai ''or ''pantäyrai'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Cis-Tahianshima particles or participles.
The first and most important division we can find in Laceyiami verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''bhėmabessa'') and '''interior '''(''niėmabessa'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Laceyiam conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. As many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior; they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” as exterior and “to be born” as interior.
Laceyiam verbs also conjugate for five '''voices''', each one putting one of five different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of Laceyiam. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:
* '''patient-trigger '''or ''patientive ''(unmarked);
* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'';
* '''benefactive-trigger '''or simply ''benefactive'';
* '''antibenefactive-trigger '''or simply ''antibenefactive'';
* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative''.
Interior verbs only have four voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.
Laceyiami verbs also conjugate for five different '''tense-aspect combinations''', representing two different aspects (perfective and imperfective) and three tenses proper (past, present, future). The imperfective tenses are the '''present''', the '''imperfect''', and the '''future'''; the perfective tenses are the '''past '''and the '''pluperfect'''. Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for six persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular and plural) and have an attributive form; the present tense also has an adverbial form.
However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the '''mood'''. Laceyiam is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 
The ten primary moods are:
* '''indicative''' - the realis mood;
* '''imperative''' - used for giving orders or commands;
* '''desiderative''' - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X);
* '''necessitative''' - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X);
* '''potential''' - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X)
* '''permissive''' - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X)
* '''optative '''- used to express wishes or hopes;
* '''propositive '''- used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X);
* '''hypothetical '''- used to express things that may happen or might have happened;
* '''subjunctive '''- used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), and also syntactically conditioned by some particles.
The eight secondary moods are:
* five of them express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood''');
* '''interrogative''', used for questions;
* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).
Laceyiami verbs also have two '''non-finite forms '''(the '''-ke''' form (or simply the '''infinitive''') and the '''-ę '''form) and a small number of '''preverbal modifiers''' that add a particular meaning to the verb (the most common is ''sų-'', used to negate verbs).


==== Conjugations ====
==== Conjugations ====
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