Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

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* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative''.
* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative''.
Interior verbs only have four voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.
Interior verbs only have four voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.
There is also an ''instrumental'' form, but it is independent of voice despite having much in common with them.


Laceyiami verbs also conjugate for five different '''tense-aspect combinations''', representing two different aspects (perfective and imperfective) and three tenses proper (past, present, future). The imperfective tenses are the '''present''', the '''imperfect''', and the '''future'''; the perfective tenses are the '''past '''and the '''pluperfect'''. Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for six persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular and plural) and have an attributive form; the present tense also has an adverbial form.
Laceyiami verbs also conjugate for five different '''tense-aspect combinations''', representing two different aspects (perfective and imperfective) and three tenses proper (past, present, future). The imperfective tenses are the '''present''', the '''imperfect''', and the '''future'''; the perfective tenses are the '''past '''and the '''pluperfect'''. Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for six persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular and plural).


However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the '''mood'''. Laceyiam is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 
However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the '''mood'''. Laceyiam is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 
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* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).
* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).
Laceyiami verbs also have two '''non-finite forms '''(the '''-ke''' form (or simply the '''infinitive''') and the '''-ę '''form) and a small number of '''preverbal modifiers''' that add a particular meaning to the verb (the most common is ''sų-'', used to negate verbs).
Laceyiami verbs also have two '''non-finite forms '''(the '''-ke''' form (or simply the '''infinitive''') and the '''-ę '''form) and a small number of '''preverbal modifiers''' that add a particular meaning to the verb (the most common is ''sų-'', used to negate verbs).
Finally, Laceyiam has a large number of ''attributive'' and ''adverbial participles'', with forms for most voices and tenses and a distinction into ''modal adverbs'', ''homofocal gerundives'' and ''heterofocal gerundives''.


==== Conjugations ====
==== Conjugations ====
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|humbėra'''thās'''
|humbėra'''thās'''
|<span>hūrt</span>'''ėyithās'''
|<span>hūrt</span>'''ėyithās'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūn'''ęe'''
|hväld'''ęe'''
|läðl'''ęe'''
|ūtiram'''ęe'''
|lil'''ahęe'''
|męl'''stęe'''
|humbėr'''ęe'''
|hūrt'''ėyęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūn'''amāṇi'''
|hväld'''emāṇi'''
|läðl'''ymāṇi'''
|ūtiram'''māṇi'''
|lil'''ąmāṇi'''
|męl'''stmāṇi'''
|humbėr'''māṇi'''
|hūrt'''eimāṇi'''
|}
|}
The only different pattern applies to the first person singular in the first and fourth conjugation: roots which end in '''-l, -r, -m, -v, -c,''' '''-ch''', or, for fourth conjugation verbs, in a vowel, use '''-iu'''; all others use just '''-u''' (notice both forms in ''pūn-u'' and ''ūtiram-iu''). A particular trait of speakers from some parts of Eastern Laltīmāhia, including rural Nėniyūkat diocese (but not the urban area of Nanūhimarta), is the pronunciation of the first person singular of '''-ėyi- '''verbs as [ˈeːjiju], which is sometimes reflected in writing (c.f. ''hūrtėyiu ''> ''hūrtėyiyu''), especially in novels or comics, in order to stress a rural Eastern origin of certain characters. ''-ėyiyu ''was however sometimes found in early Classical Age texts.
The only different pattern applies to the first person singular in the first and fourth conjugation: roots which end in '''-l, -r, -m, -v, -c,''' '''-ch''', or, for fourth conjugation verbs, in a vowel, use '''-iu'''; all others use just '''-u''' (notice both forms in ''pūn-u'' and ''ūtiram-iu''). A particular trait of speakers from some parts of Eastern Laltīmāhia, including rural Nėniyūkat diocese (but not the urban area of Nanūhimarta), is the pronunciation of the first person singular of '''-ėyi- '''verbs as [ˈeːjiju], which is sometimes reflected in writing (c.f. ''hūrtėyiu ''> ''hūrtėyiyu''), especially in novels or comics, in order to stress a rural Eastern origin of certain characters. ''-ėyiyu ''was however sometimes found in early Classical Age texts.


The following table is the conjugation of patient-trigger exterior imperatives ('''-st- '''and '''-ėyi- '''verbs are not distinguished here; note also the lack of attributive and adverbial forms): 
The following table is the conjugation of patient-trigger exterior imperatives ('''-st- '''and '''-ėyi- '''verbs are not distinguished here): 
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!
!
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* The root ends in any single consonant except for nasals, unaspirated voiceless stops (but '''-c '''and '''-ʔ '''do require a vowel), '''-s, -ð, -h, -r, '''or '''-l'''.
* The root ends in any single consonant except for nasals, unaspirated voiceless stops (but '''-c '''and '''-ʔ '''do require a vowel), '''-s, -ð, -h, -r, '''or '''-l'''.
* Fourth conjugation verbs almost always use '''-i '''as the added vowel, but '''-u''' after labial consonants, sibilants, -'''ʔ''', and '''-r'''.
* Fourth conjugation verbs almost always use '''-i '''as the added vowel, but '''-u''' after labial consonants, sibilants, -'''ʔ''', and '''-r'''.
The forms for interior verbs distinguish the same stem types. <u>Important note:</u> attributive and adverbial forms, while present (and extensively used) are not included in the following table as they are completely identical to those of exterior verbs (in fact, verbs with different exterior/interior meanings need to disambiguate these forms by context). In addition, <span>"to be" is omitted in the translation for </span>verbs that are translated into English by adjectives in order to save space; [rf/rc] means that the English verb translated is reflexive or reciprocal: 
The forms for interior verbs distinguish the same stem types. Note that <span>"to be" is omitted in the translation for </span>verbs that are translated into English by adjectives in order to save space; [rf/rc] means that the English verb translated is reflexive or reciprocal: 
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!
!
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|läðl'''ithė'''
|läðl'''ithė'''
|ūtiram'''ithė'''
|ūtiram'''ithė'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūn'''āvęe'''
|kaitm'''āyāvęe'''
|hväld'''ėvęe'''
|läðl'''ȳvęe'''
|ūtiram'''āvęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūn'''aumāṇi'''
|kaitm'''āyaumāṇi'''
|hväld'''eymāṇi'''
|läðl'''ȳmāṇi'''
|ūtiram'''aumāṇi'''
|}
|}
The rules for the epenthetic vowel in the fourth conjugation are the same used in the interior imperative, but '''-m''' takes epenthetic '''u''' instead of '''i'''.
The rules for the epenthetic vowel in the fourth conjugation are the same used in the interior imperative, but '''-m''' takes epenthetic '''u''' instead of '''i'''.


The indicative interior patient-trigger past is easily derived from the exterior forms (again, attributive forms are exactly the same):
The indicative interior patient-trigger past is easily derived from the exterior forms:
{| class="article-table"
{| class="article-table"
!
!
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|ūtiram'''umīdė'''
|ūtiram'''umīdė'''
|humb'''ėrumīdė'''
|humb'''ėrumīdė'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūn'''uṃsęe'''
|kaitm'''uṃsęe'''
|hväld'''uṃsęe'''
|läðl'''uṃsęe'''
|ūtiram'''āvęe'''
|humb'''ėruṃsęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūn'''umimāṇi'''
|kaitm'''umimāṇi'''
|hväld'''umimāṇi'''
|läðl'''umimāṇi'''
|ūtiram'''aumāṇi'''
|humb'''ėrmimāṇi'''
|}
|}
In all fourth conjugation forms, the '''-u '''is part of the ending, with regular saṃdhi: after any ending root vowel that is not '''-u '''or '''-i''', a '''-v- '''is inserted; '''-i u-''' form '''-iu-''', while '''-u u-''' form '''-ū-'''.
In all fourth conjugation forms, the '''-u '''is part of the ending, with regular saṃdhi: after any ending root vowel that is not '''-u '''or '''-i''', a '''-v- '''is inserted; '''-i u-''' form '''-iu-''', while '''-u u-''' form '''-ū-'''.
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|hväld'''eiṣṭhās'''
|hväld'''eiṣṭhās'''
|läðlyk'''iṣṭhās'''
|läðlyk'''iṣṭhās'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūn'''aiṣęe'''
|hväld'''eiṣęe'''
|läðlyk'''iṣęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūn'''aiṣmāṇi'''
|hväld'''eiṣmāṇi'''
|läðlyk'''iṣmāṇi'''
|}
|}
The same pattern is used for the interior forms: 
The same pattern is used for the interior forms: 
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|läyv'''eiṣṭhąn'''
|läyv'''eiṣṭhąn'''
|mālkyk'''iṣṭhąn'''
|mālkyk'''iṣṭhąn'''
|-
|Attrib.
|khār'''aiṣęe'''
|läyv'''eiṣęe'''
|mālkyk'''iṣęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|khār'''aiṣmāṇi'''
|läyv'''eiṣmāṇi'''
|mālkyk'''iṣmāṇi'''
|}
|}
The pluperfect tense is formed in the same way but it is even simpler, as all conjugations keep that final '''-k''' before the endings. In this table for indicative patient-trigger pluperfect, ''pūnake ''shows the exterior forms and ''khārake ''the interior ones:
The pluperfect tense is formed in the same way but it is even simpler, as all conjugations keep that final '''-k''' before the endings. In this table for indicative patient-trigger pluperfect, ''pūnake ''shows the exterior forms and ''khārake ''the interior ones:
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|pūnak'''auṣṭhe'''
|pūnak'''auṣṭhe'''
|khārak'''auṣṭhän'''
|khārak'''auṣṭhän'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūnak'''auśięe'''
|khārak'''auśięe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūnak'''auśmāṇi'''
|khārak'''auśmāṇi'''
|}
|}


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|khāra'''tathen'''
|khāra'''tathen'''
|khār'''auśtathen'''
|khār'''auśtathen'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūna'''tuvęe'''
|pūn'''auśtuvęe'''
|khāra'''tuvęe'''
|khār'''auśtuvęe'''
|-
|Adv.
|pūna'''tāmān'''
|pūn'''auśtāmān'''
|khāra'''tāmān'''
|khār'''auśtāmān'''
|}
|}


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|khār'''auślęathen'''
|khār'''auślęathen'''
|khār'''lęandį'''
|khār'''lęandį'''
|-
|Attrib.
|pūṃ'''lęayęe'''
|pūn'''auślęayęe'''
|
|khār'''lęayęe'''
|khār'''auślęayęe'''
|
|-
|Adv.
|pūṃ'''lęamāṇi'''
|pūn'''auślęamāṇi'''
|
|khār'''lęamāṇi'''
|khār'''auślęamāṇi'''
|
|}
|}


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|jaliauṣṭhe
|jaliauṣṭhe
|haiṣṭhi
|haiṣṭhi
|-
|Attrib.
|jalięe
|jālyvęe
|haitsuṃsęe
|bąmbstęe
|jaliauśięe
|
|-
|Adv.
|jaliemāṇi
|jalyvimāṇi
|haitsumimāṇi
|bąmbstumāṇi
|jaliauśmāṇi
|
|}
|}
Note that the imperfect and pluperfect are actually regularly formed with the normal terminations and the stems ''haits- ''and ''jalʲ-'' respectively. In spoken Laceyiam, the past forms (''høysu, hiśu...'') are increasingly often used in place of the imperfect ones (''haitsumisu, haitsumið...'').
Note that the imperfect and pluperfect are actually regularly formed with the normal terminations and the stems ''haits- ''and ''jalʲ-'' respectively. In spoken Laceyiam, the past forms (''høysu, hiśu...'') are increasingly often used in place of the imperfect ones (''haitsumisu, haitsumið...'').
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