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User:Ceige/Ancient: Difference between revisions
→Phonology: Added vowel sections and Hattic section
(Added Hurro-Urartian consonants) |
(→Phonology: Added vowel sections and Hattic section) |
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===Comparing phonologies=== | ===Comparing phonologies=== | ||
====Hurrian==== | ====Hurrian==== | ||
Hurrian appears to have a voicing alternation in word-medial positions for consonants (excluding ts/z). Hurrian distinguishes consonant gemination and vowel length through doubling (in the case of consonants: an-na = anna) or adding in extra vowels (ka-a-an = kān). P/F distinctions are hard to determine from spelling variation in poorly attested words. Final -f alternates with -u after -a-. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"|Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| Line 35: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Affricate | ! Affricate | ||
| || ts || | | || ts/z || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| Line 42: | Line 44: | ||
! Sonorants | ! Sonorants | ||
| m w || n l || y | | m w || n l || y | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back | |||
|- | |||
| Close || i ī || || u ū | |||
|- | |||
| Mid || e ē || || o ō | |||
|- | |||
| Open|| || a ā || | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Urartian==== | ====Urartian==== | ||
Urartian appears to a complex consonant system compared to its older relative Hurrian, but it may have been even more complex than what is possible to discern from the orthography. There is a class of consonants that use the same symbols as Akkadian's Semitic emphatic consonants, but their value cannot be discerned. Any distinction between affricates and fricatives is lost in writing. Vowel length distinctions are also not well attested. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal !! Guttural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| p b || t d ṭ || k g q || ʔ | | p b || t d ṭ || k g q || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Fricatives* | ||
| || s z ṣ || š || h | | || s z ṣ || š || h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sonorants | ! Sonorants | ||
| m w || n l r || y || | | m w || n l r || y || | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back | |||
|- | |||
| Close || i || || u | |||
|- | |||
| Mid || e || ə (~i) || (o) | |||
|- | |||
| Open|| || a || | |||
|} | |||
====Hattic==== | |||
Hattic is poorly attested, but based on the known Hattic word list on Wikipedia and the article's sources, the following phonemes probably existed in some form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| p || t || č || k | |||
|- | |||
! Fricatives* | |||
| f || s z || š || h | |||
|- | |||
! Sonorants | |||
| m w || n l r || y || | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back | |||
|- | |||
| Close || i || || u | |||
|- | |||
| Mid || e || || | |||
|- | |||
| Open|| || a || | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
=== === | === === | ||