Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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<small><sup>1</sup></small>Before ‹g› or ‹k›.<br>
<small><sup>1</sup></small>Before ‹g› or ‹k›.<br>
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Labiovelar approximant.
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Labiovelar approximant.
===Intro (Move this)===
There is a lot that happens in Gutish when words encounter other words or receive certain inflectional endings. Generally this has to do with the letter ending a root.
Roots ending in ‹d› or ‹g›, for instance, become palatalized before ‹s›. E.g. the nominative form of ''dag'' ‘day’ is ''daǧ'' rather than the otherwise expected **''dags''. Furthermore, ‹d› becomes spirantized between two vowels, so some roots may have as many as three forms for one declension. E.g. ''bard'' ‘beard’ has the nominative form ''bar'''ǧ''''', dative ''bar'''ð'''a'', and accusative ''bar'''d'''''.  More of this will be discussed in the chapters on declension of Nouns and Adjectives and the conjugation of Verbs, but some basics will be laid out here.


===[r]-Assimilation===
===[r]-Assimilation===


This is a persistent rule that does not have much effect on declensions within the language, but does have some effect on the development of certain words.  This rule is described in the Rules chapter of this document in Assimilation of [ɾ].  Specifically, /r/ is deleted when immediately followed by /ž/. For example, the possessive adjective ''inkur'' ‘our’, from earlier ''inkwar'' has the genitive plural form ''inkuža'' from earlier ''inkwarɛ̄zō'' rather than the otherwise expected **''inkurža''.
This is a persistent rule that does not have much effect on declensions within the language, but does have some effect on the development of certain words.  This rule is described in the Rules chapter of this document in Assimilation of [ɾ].  Specifically, /r/ is deleted when immediately followed by /ž/. For example, the possessive adjective ''inkur'' ‘our’, from earlier ''igqar'' /inkwar/ has the genitive plural form ''inkuža'' from earlier ''igqaraizō'' /inkwarɛ̄zō/ rather than the otherwise expected **''inkurža''.


===Voicing Alternation===
===Voicing Alternation===


This rule is inherited from Gothic or perhaps even Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Gutish.  (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between ‹f› or ‹þ›, used only at the end of a word, and ‹b› or ‹d›, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Gutish:
This rule is inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Gutish.  (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between ‹f› or ‹þ›, used only at the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant, and ‹b› or ‹d›, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Gutish:


*v → f
*v → f
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*‹f› or ‹þ› occur when word-final in the accusative of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, and the nominative and accusative of neuter strong nouns, e.g. ''blōþ'' ‘blood’, but genitive ''blōðis''.
*‹f› or ‹þ› occur when word-final in the accusative of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, and the nominative and accusative of neuter strong nouns, e.g. ''blōþ'' ‘blood’, but genitive ''blōðis''.
*‹f› occurs when word-final or before ‹t› in the preterit singular and the second person imperative singular of strong verbs, e.g. ''gaf'', ''gaft'', ‘gave’, but infinitive ''givna''.
*‹f› occurs when word-final or before ‹t› in the preterit singular and the second person imperative singular of strong verbs, e.g. ''gaf'', ''gaft'', ‘gave’, but infinitive ''givna''.
*‹þ› also occurs when word-final in the preterit singular and imperative, but is assimilated to ‹s› before ‹t› in the second person preterit (see Coronal Consonant Assimilation below).
*‹þ› also occurs when word-final in the preterit singular and imperative, but is assimilated to ‹s› before ‹t› in the second person preterit (see Coronal Consonant Assimilation below), e.g. ''biǧin'' ‘to bid’ has the first- adn third-person preterit ''baþ'' but the second person ''bast''.
*The implications for ‹s› and ‹ž› can be a little trickier, because this split was not uniform in Gothic times, so many words retain ‹s› throughout the paradigm. These are noted in the lexicon and must be learned by rote.
*The implications for ‹s› and ‹ž› can be a little trickier, because this split was not uniform in Gothic times, and intervocalic /s/ was not later voiced, so many words retain ‹s› throughout the paradigm. These are noted in the lexicon and must be learned by rote.


Please note that because this rule is not persistent, there are several words which later developed an intervocalic ‹f› or ‹þ› from earlier ‹h› which is not affected by this rule.
Please note that because this rule is not persistent, there are several words which later developed an intervocalic ‹f› or ‹þ› from earlier ‹h› which is not affected by this rule.
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Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Gutish, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Gutish. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Gutish, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules:
Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Gutish, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Gutish. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Gutish, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules:


*Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in ‹d› or ‹g› become palatalized before ‹s› in the nominative singular of a-, i-, and u-stems (but not feminine ō-stems).  E.g. Gothic ''dags'' ‘day’ becomes ''daǧ''. This type of palatalization only occurs when there was a /dz/ or /gz/ present in the language at some point historically (from Gothic /ds/ or /gs/).
*Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in ‹d› or ‹g› become palatalized before ‹s› in the nominative singular of a-, i-, and u-stems (but not feminine ō-stems).  E.g. Gothic ''dags'' ‘day’, ''gards'' ‘yard’ become ''daǧ'', ''garǧ''. This type of palatalization only occurs when there was a /dz/ or /gz/ present in the language at some point historically (from Gothic /ds/ or /gs/).
*A much more common form of palatalization, however, is that which occurs whenever the ending of a noun, verb, or adjective begins with ‹j›, e.g. strong masculine ja-stem nouns or adjectives or class 1 weak verbs. In these cases, the following occurs:
*A much more common form of palatalization, however, is that which occurs whenever the ending of a noun, verb, or adjective begins with ‹j›, e.g. strong masculine ja-stem nouns or adjectives or class 1 weak verbs. In these cases, the following occurs:
**‹d› or ‹g› + ‹j› → ‹ǧ›
**‹d› or ‹g› + ‹j› → ‹ǧ›
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*‹a› → ‹e› - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin''
*‹a› → ‹e› - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin''
*‹ā› → ‹ǣ› - ''hl'''ah'''jan'' ‘to laugh’ → ''þl'''ǣ'''n''
*‹ā› → ‹ǣ› - ''hl'''ah'''jan'' ‘to laugh’ → ''þl'''ǣ'''n''
*‹ǭ› → ‹œ̄› -  
*‹ǭ› (''Got''. ‹áu›) → ‹œ̄› - ''h'''au'''sjan'' ‘to hear’ → ''h'''œ̄'''šin''
*‹o› → ‹œ› -  
*‹o› (''Got''. ‹aú›) → ‹œ› - ''þ''au''rsjan'' ‘to thirst’ → ''þ'''œ'''ršin''
*‹ō› → ‹œ̄› - ''hw'''ō'''tjan'' ‘to threaten’ → hw'''œ̄'''čin
*‹ō› → ‹œ̄› - ''hw'''ō'''tjan'' ‘to threaten’ → ''hw'''œ̄'''čin''
*‹u› → ‹y› - ''h'''u'''gjan'' ‘to think’ → ''h'''y'''ǧin''
*‹u› → ‹y› - ''h'''u'''gjan'' ‘to think’ → ''h'''y'''ǧin''
*‹ū› → ‹ȳ› -  
*‹ū› → ‹ȳ› - ''hr'''ū'''kjan'' ‘to crow’ → ''þr'''ȳ'''čin''


NB: Umlaut can refer to several different types of vowel change in Germanic languages – i/j-umlaut, u/w-umlaut, and a-umlaut most common – but only one type is present in Gutish. Umlaut here is used to refer specifically to i/j-umlaut, also known as i-umlaut, or front umlaut.
NB: Umlaut can refer to several different types of vowel change in Germanic languages – i/j-umlaut, u/w-umlaut, and a-umlaut most common – but only one type is present in Gutish. Umlaut here is used to refer specifically to i/j-umlaut, also known as i-umlaut, or front umlaut.


NB for Linguists: The asymmetrical nature of the umlaut is the result of a later change to the long vowels. See Umlaut in the Rules at the end of this document.
NB for Linguists: The asymmetrical nature of the umlaut is the result of a later change to the long vowels. See Umlaut and Stressed Long Vowel Raising in the Rules.


===Coronal Consonant Assimilation===
===Coronal Consonant Assimilation===
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