Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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* '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''çei'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''.
* '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''çei'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''.
* '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions.
* '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions.
* '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni yuyųlsėça'' "because (s)he wants to eat").
* '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni yuyųlsėça'' "because (s)he wants to eat").
* '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|marks the topic]] which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)).
* '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|marks the topic]] which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)).
* '''nali''', when used with a noun in direct case, marks the benefactive argument in any voice except benefactive-trigger. When used with a verb in subjunctive mood, it means "in order to", with a nuance of hope (when compared to the bare subjunctive, which already has that meaning).
* '''nali''', when used with a noun in direct case, marks the benefactive argument in any voice except benefactive-trigger. When used with a verb in subjunctive mood, it means "in order to", with a nuance of hope (when compared to the bare subjunctive, which already has that meaning).
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* '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''çei''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąluça moluça no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mėlitu yąluça kolecañu moluça no'' or ''mėlitu yąluça sama kolecañu moluça'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mėlitu yąluça sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėça'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mėlitu yąluça liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėça no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language).
* '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''çei''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąluça moluça no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mėlitu yąluça kolecañu moluça no'' or ''mėlitu yąluça sama kolecañu moluça'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mėlitu yąluça sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėça'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mėlitu yąluça liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėça no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language).
* '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood.
* '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood.
* '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between sentences. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''.
* '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between clauses. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''.
* '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: ''dadrāṃçå tī daudiau'' "I have done it because I wanted to".
* '''tora''' translates "also", "too", usually before the verb (e.g. ''tora uyųlaṃçå'' "I've eaten that too"); note that "also" as a conjunction between two sentences is usually translated with ''nanū'' (more).
* '''tora''' translates "also", "too", usually before the verb (e.g. ''tora uyųlaṃçå'' "I've eaten that too"); note that "also" as a conjunction between two sentences is usually translated with ''nanū'' (more).
** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to;
** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to;
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