Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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===Present indicative===
===Present indicative===
====Regular====
The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.<br/>Ablauting verbs have ''middle grade'' ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones. nā/nī verbs have ''-nā'' in singular and plural and ''-nī'' in the dual; ru verbs change ''-ru'' with ''-su''.<br/>
The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.<br/>Ablauting verbs have ''middle grade'' ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones.<br/>nā/nī verbs have ''-nā'' in singular and plural and ''-nī'' in the dual. ru verbs change ''-ru'' with ''-su''.<br/>
Exterior forms:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press"<br/>(a-root) !! halke "to call"<br/>(athem.) !! mišake "to see"<br/>(ablaut) !! khlunāke "to search, look for"<br/>(nā/nī) !! lilke "to live"<br/>(ah) !! pāṭṭaruke "to study"<br/>(ru)
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | a-root !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan=2 | -nā-/-nī- !! colspan =2 | -ah- !! colspan =2 | -ru-
|-
|-
| 1SG || nāmv'''u''' || hal'''u''' || meš'''u''' || khlu'''nau''' || lil'''ah''' || pāṭṭa'''sū'''
! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | gṇyauke <br/><small>"to give birth; ''int.:'' to be born"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to see"</small> !! colspan=2 | khlunāke <br/><small>"to search, look for"</small> !! lilke <br/><small>"to live"</small> !! hañilke <br/><small>"to remember"</small> !! pāṭṭaruke <br/><small>"to study"</small> !! kūmeruke <br/><small>"to be embarassed"</small>
|-
|-
| 2SG || nāmv'''i''' || hal'''i''' || meš'''i''' || khlu'''nādi''' || lil'''aši''' || pāṭṭa'''sui'''
! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
|-
|-
| 3SG || nāmv'''ė''' || hal'''ė''' || meš'''ė''' || khlu'''nā''' || lil'''ah''' || pāṭṭa'''suvė'''
! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
| nāmv'''u''' || nāmv'''iru''' || gṇyāv'''u''' || gṇyāv'''iru''' || meš'''u''' || meš'''iru''' || khlu'''nau''' || khlu'''nairu''' || lil'''ah''' || hañil'''ąiru''' || pāṭṭa'''sū''' || kume'''suiru'''
|-
|-
| 1DU || nāmv'''odām''' || hal'''dām''' || meš'''odām''' || khlu'''nīdām''' || lil'''ardām''' || pāṭṭa'''sudām'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''i''' || nāmv'''iris''' || gṇyāv'''i''' || gṇyāv'''iris''' || meš'''i''' || meš'''iris''' || khlu'''nādi''' || khlu'''nairis''' || lil'''aši''' || hañil'''ąiris''' || pāṭṭa'''sui''' || kume'''suiris'''
|-
|-
| 2DU || nāmv'''odās''' || hal'''dās''' || meš'''odās''' || khlu'''nīdās''' || lil'''ardās''' || pāṭṭa'''sudās'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''ė''' || nāmv'''ire''' || gṇyāv'''ė''' || gṇyāv'''ire''' || meš'''ė''' || meš'''ire''' || khlu'''nā''' || khlu'''naih''' || lil'''ah''' || hañil'''ąire''' || pāṭṭa'''suvė''' || kume'''suire'''
|-
|-
| 3DU || nāmv'''odāvo''' || hal'''dāvo''' || meš'''odāvo''' || khlu'''nīdāvo''' || lil'''ardāvo''' || pāṭṭa'''sudāvo'''
! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
| nāmv'''odām''' || nāmv'''irdām''' || gṇyau'''dām''' || gṇyāv'''irdām''' || meš'''odām''' || miš'''irdām''' || khlu'''nīdām''' || khlu'''nīrdām''' || lil'''ardām''' || hañil'''ęrdām''' || pāṭṭa'''sudām''' || kume'''suirdām'''
|-
|-
| 1PL || nāmv'''amui''' || hal'''mui''' || meš'''amui''' || khlu'''nāmui''' || lil'''ąmui''' || pāṭṭa'''sumui'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''odās''' || nāmv'''irdās''' || gṇyau'''dās''' || gṇyāv'''irdās''' || meš'''odās''' || miš'''irdās''' || khlu'''nīdās''' || khlu'''nīrdās''' || lil'''ardās''' || hañil'''ęrdās''' || pāṭṭa'''sudās''' || kume'''suirdās'''
|-
|-
| 2PL || nāmv'''akui''' || hal'''kui''' || meš'''akui''' || khlu'''nākui''' || lil'''ąkui''' || pāṭṭa'''sukui'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''odāvo''' || nāmv'''irdāvo''' || gṇyau'''dāvo''' || gṇyāv'''irdāvo''' || meš'''odāvo''' || miš'''irdāvo''' || khlu'''nīdāvo''' || khlu'''nīrdāvo''' || lil'''ardāvo''' || hañil'''ęrdāvo''' || pāṭṭa'''sudāvo''' || kume'''suirdāvo'''
|-
|-
| 3PL || nāmv'''yąt''' || hal'''yąt''' || meš'''yąt''' || khlu'''nāyąt''' || lil'''ašąt''' || pāṭṭa'''suyąt'''
! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
|}
| nāmv'''amui''' || nāmv'''irmui''' || gṇyau'''mui''' || gṇyāv'''irmui''' || meš'''amui''' || miš'''irmui''' || khlu'''nāmui''' || khlu'''nīrmui''' || lil'''ąmui''' || hañil'''ęrmui''' || pāṭṭa'''sumui''' || kume'''suirmui'''
Interior forms:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! dældake "to speak"<br/>(a-root) !! gṇyauke<ref>This verb has allomorphic stem variation between preconsonantal ''gṇyau'' and prevocalic ''gṇyāv''</ref> "to be born"<br/>(athem.) !! tṛlake "to know"<br/>(ablaut) !! chleināke "to smile"<br/>(nā/nī) !! hañilke "to remember"<br/>(ah) !! kūmeruke "to be embarassed"<br/>(ru)
|-
| 1SG || dæld'''iru''' || gṇyāv'''iru''' || tarl'''iru''' || chlei'''nairu''' || hañil'''ąiru''' || kūme'''suiru'''
|-
|-
| 2SG || dæld'''iris''' || gṇyāv'''iris''' || tarl'''iris''' || chlei'''nairis''' || hañil'''ąiris''' || kūme'''suiris'''
!! 2nd
| nāmv'''akui''' || nāmv'''irkui''' || gṇyau'''kui''' || gṇyāv'''irkui''' || meš'''akui''' || miš'''irkui''' || khlu'''nākui''' || khlu'''nīrkui''' || lil'''ąkui''' || hañil'''ęrkui''' || pāṭṭa'''sukui''' || kume'''suirkui'''
|-
|-
| 3SG || dæld'''ire''' || gṇyāv'''ire''' || tarl'''ire''' || chlei'''naih''' || hañil'''ąire''' || kūme'''suire'''
!! 3rd
|-
| nāmv'''ęn''' || nāmv'''iręn''' || gṇyāv'''ęn''' || gṇyāv'''iręn''' || meš'''ęn''' || miš'''iręn''' || khlu'''nāvęn''' || khlu'''nīręn''' || lil'''ašęn''' || hañil'''ęręn''' || pāṭṭa'''suvęn''' || kume'''suiręn'''
| 1DU || dæld'''irdām''' || gṇyāv'''irdām''' || tṛl'''irdām''' || chlei'''nīrdām''' || hañil'''ęrdām''' || kūme'''suirdām'''
|-
| 2DU || dæld'''irdās''' || gṇyāv'''irdās''' || tṛl'''irdās''' || chlei'''nīrdās''' || hañil'''ęrdās''' || kūme'''suirdās'''
|-
| 3DU || dæld'''irdāvo''' || gṇyāv'''irdāvo''' || tṛl'''irdāvo''' || chlei'''nīrdāvo''' || hañil'''ęrdāvo''' || kūme'''suirdāvo'''
|-
| 1PL || dæld'''irmui''' || gṇyāv'''irmui''' || tṛl'''irmui''' || chlei'''nairmui''' || hañil'''ęrmui''' || kūme'''suirmui'''
|-
| 2PL || dæld'''irkui''' || gṇyāv'''irkui''' || tṛl'''irkui''' || chlei'''nairkui''' || hañil'''ęrkui''' || kūme'''suirkui'''
|-
| 3PL || dæld'''irųt''' || gṇyāv'''irųt''' || tṛl'''irųt''' || chlei'''nairųt''' || hañil'''ęrųt''' || kūme'''suirųt'''
|}
|}


====Causative====
'''Causative'''<br/>
 
Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with ''-(a)xh-''. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.<br/>
Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with ''-(a)xh-''. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.<br/>
All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms.
All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms.
Exterior forms:
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! nāmvake "to make crush, press"<br/>(normal) !! mišake "to show"<br/>(ablaut) !! valde "to make open"<br/>(inverse ablaut)
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut
|-
| 1SG || nāmv'''axhā''' || maiš'''axhā''' || uvald'''axhā'''
|-
| 2SG || nāmv'''axhie''' || maiš'''axhie''' || uvald'''axhie'''
|-
| 3SG || nāmv'''axhāt''' || maiš'''axhāt''' || uvald'''axhāt'''
|-
|-
| 1DU || nāmv'''anxhām''' || maiš'''anxhām''' || uvald'''anxhām'''
! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to make crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to show; ''int.:'' learn"</small> !! colspan=2 | valde <br/><small>"to make open"</small>
|-
| 2DU || nāmv'''anxhās''' || maiš'''anxhās''' || uvald'''anxhās'''
|-
| 3DU || nāmv'''anxhū''' || maiš'''anxhū''' || uvald'''anxhū'''
|-
| 1PL || nāmv'''axhumi''' || maiš'''axhumi''' || uvald'''axhumi'''
|-
| 2PL || nāmv'''axhuši''' || maiš'''axhuši''' || uvald'''axhuši'''
|-
| 3PL || nāmv'''axhįs''' || maiš'''axhįs''' || uvald'''axhįs'''
|}
Interior forms:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! nāmvake "to make each other crush, press"<br/>(normal) !! mišake "to learn; to show each other"<br/>(ablaut) !! valde "to open; to make each other open"<br/>(inverse ablaut)
! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
|-
|-
| 1SG || nāmv'''irxhā''' || maiš'''irxhā''' || uvald'''irxhā'''
! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
| nāmv'''axhām''' || nāmv'''irxhām''' || maiš'''axhām''' || maiš'''irxhām''' || uvald'''axhām''' || uvald'''irxhām'''
|-
|-
| 2SG || nāmv'''irxhie''' || maiš'''irxhie''' || uvald'''irxhie'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''axhie''' || nāmv'''irxhie''' || maiš'''axhie''' || maiš'''irxhie''' || uvald'''axhie''' || uvald'''irxhie'''
|-
|-
| 3SG || nāmv'''irxhāt''' || maiš'''irxhāt''' || uvald'''irxhāt'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''axhā''' || nāmv'''irxhā''' || maiš'''axhā''' || maiš'''irxhā''' || uvald'''axhā''' || uvald'''irxhā'''
|-
|-
| 1DU || nāmv'''irenxhām''' || maiš'''irenxhām''' || uvald'''irenxhām'''
! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
| nāmv'''anxhām''' || nāmv'''irenxhām''' || maiš'''anxhām''' || maiš'''irenxhām''' || uvald'''anxhām''' || uvald'''irenxhām'''
|-
|-
| 2DU || nāmv'''irenxhās''' || maiš'''irenxhās''' || uvald'''irenxhās'''
! 2nd
| nāmv'''anxhās''' || nāmv'''irenxhās''' || maiš'''anxhās''' || maiš'''irenxhās''' || uvald'''anxhās''' || uvald'''irenxhās'''
|-
|-
| 3DU || nāmv'''irenxhū''' || maiš'''irenxhū''' || uvald'''irenxhū'''
! 3rd
| nāmv'''anxhū''' || nāmv'''irenxhū''' || maiš'''anxhū''' || maiš'''irenxhū''' || uvald'''anxhū''' || uvald'''irenxhū'''
|-
|-
| 1PL || nāmv'''irxhumi''' || maiš'''irxhumi''' || uvald'''irxhumi'''
! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
| nāmv'''axhumi''' || nāmv'''irxhumi''' || maiš'''axhumi''' || maiš'''irxhumi''' || uvald'''axhumi''' || meš'''irxhumi'''
|-
|-
| 2PL || nāmv'''irxhuši''' || maiš'''irxhuši''' || uvald'''irxhuši'''
!! 2nd
| nāmv'''axhuši''' || nāmv'''irxhuši''' || maiš'''axhuši''' || maiš'''irxhuši''' || uvald'''axhuši''' || uvald'''irxhuši'''
|-
|-
| 3PL || nāmv'''irxhįs''' || maiš'''irxhįs''' || uvald'''irxhįs'''
!! 3rd
| nāmv'''axhįs''' || nāmv'''irxhįs''' || maiš'''axhįs''' || maiš'''irxhįs''' || uvald'''axhįs''' || uvald'''irxhįs'''
|}
|}


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