Qino: Difference between revisions
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***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-áh'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-áh'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́h'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namáh'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́h'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namáh'' | ||
***Independent form: ''áh'' - e.g. '' | ***Independent form: ''áh'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadáh'' | ||
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | **'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namás'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namás'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ás'' - e.g. '' | ***Independent form: ''ás'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadás'' | ||
**'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | **'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namál'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namál'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadál'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ál'' | ***Independent form: ''ál'' | ||
**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | **'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namád'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namád'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadád'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ád'' | ***Independent form: ''ád'' | ||
*'''Pseudo-cases:''' | *'''Pseudo-cases:''' | ||
**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadé, Maxammaddha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in short, non-high-tone vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namé, namarha'' | ***Absolutive ending in short, non-high-tone vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namé, namarha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-rhé'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumarhé, Faadhumárha'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or high-tone vowel: ''-rhé'' (declines as adjective), ''-rha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumarhé, Faadhumárha'' | ||