Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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==Honorifics==
==Honorifics==
===Honorific pronouns===
===Honorific pronouns===
There are many different pronouns used for second and third person in honorific speech. The rules for using them are mostly dictated by the distance between the two speakers, and, for third persons, the relative distance between them. If a pronoun has no dual form, in dual contexts either one of the plural pronouns, depending on context, is used.
====Second person====
The rules for second person pronouns are mostly fairly easy. There are usually two contexts: formal and informal.  


Second person generally used these pronouns:
Formal pronouns are three and (in contemporary Chlouvānem) invariable for gender, but they vary for relative rank instead: '''fali''' is used towards a superior, '''vāti''' towards one of the same rank, and '''ūri''' towards a lower ranked person (until the mid-Fourth Era, ''fali'' was strictly feminine and ''ūri'' strictly masculine, and the rules for all three varied also according to the relative genders). '''farṣe''', '''vande''', and '''ūrḍe''' are their respective dual forms.<br/>
Plural second person pronouns are usually two: '''yakaliyātam''' is used towards the representative of a specifically defined group - an institution or a company -, while '''yavyāta''' is used for less defined groups.
* '''sāmi''', is used in familiar registers and between females or between males if they are not strangers and they're all of the same rank or of similar age.
 
* '''nujābi''' is used by females for all strangers and for males and nonbinary people of the same rank as them; males use it for male strangers and males of higher rank. Dual: ''nujāvdi''.
There are, however, more formal second-person pronouns with a limited use. All of these (here listed in Latin alphabetical order), unless noted, are morphologically nouns, but they are used with second person verbs anyway:

* '''yonujābi''' is a somewhat more formal alternative to ''nujābi''.
* '''aveṣyotarah fali''' (locution with the pronoun ''fali'') is sometimes used towards the highest ranked non-religious superiors, if they are several ranks ahead: examples include commanders of a military brigade or presidents of a company. However, ''fali'' is in most cases respectful enough.
* '''fåri''' is used by females for all non-stranger females and nonbinary people of higher rank. Males and nonbinary people use it for all females except close friends and relatives. Dual: ''fårdi''.
* '''gopūrṭham''' is often used towards public/religious and military officials.
* '''yomahi''' is a moderately familiar pronoun, kinda intermediate between ''sāmi'' and ''fåri/nujābi''.

* '''gopūrṭhami brausa''' (or '''yobrausa''') are used for the highest ranked Inquisitors, bishops, head monks, and the Baptist.
* '''yañji''' is used by females and nonbinary people for same rank nonbinary people, and by males for same- and higher rank nonbinary people. Dual: ''yañjyadi''.

* '''lalla yobrausa''' is used exclusively for the Great Inquisitor.

* '''ūṣṭhi''' is used by females for all people of lower rank, by males for lower rank males, and by nonbinary people for lower rank nonbinary people. Dual: ''ūṣṭhodi''.
* '''yobrausa''' — see ''gopūrṭhami brausa'' above.
* '''yavaṣi''' is used by males for lower rank nonbinary people and by nonbinary people for lower rank males.  
 
* '''gopūrṭham''' is an extremely formal pronoun, used with public officials.


It is also important to note that it's increasingly common to simply use the vocative formula - given name plus ''lāma'' - instead of any pronoun in formal context: when speaking to a superior named Lārtāvi Vaihātiai ''Lælithiam'', in order to say a sentence like "have you already done (it)?", ''fali tū dadrās nāṭ dām?'' and ''Lælithiam lāma tū dadrās nāṭ dām?'' are both just as correct.
** '''(go)pūrṭhami brausa''' or '''yobrausa''' is used for the highest ranked Inquisitors and for the Baptist.
 
*** '''lalla yobrausa''' is used exclusively for the Great Inquisitor.
In '''informal''' contexts, the only basic morphological second-person pronoun is '''sāmi''', which has the dual form '''saše''' and the plural form '''nain'''. However, there may be even more informal contexts where other nouns may be used: the prototypical example is among siblings, where '''blikā''' (dual ''blikyon'', plural ''blikai''), an endearing term for girls (think of Japanese ''-chan'' or ''-tan'') is used as a pronoun for and among sisters — e.g. ''blikā meyom umuṣes tane<ref>''tane'' is a colloquial contraction of ''dām'' (interrogative particle) and ''nane'' (emphatic tag question particle).</ref>?'' meaning "did you ask mum or not?"; as for all nouns standing for pronouns, this is not a vocative expression as it declines for case - e.g. ''blikom emęliam nāṭ!'' "I've already given it to you!"; other such pro-nouns used among siblings are '''lorkhās''' (for and among brothers; literally "guy", can be rude outside this context), '''nājhali''' (non-binary equivalent to "girl" and "boy" — somewhat rarer as even in general use it's a more neutral term than either ''blikā'' or ''lorkhās''), and even '''samin''' (literally "kid"). [[Chlouvānem/Names#Informal_names_.28laltihalen.C4.AB.29|Informal names]] are also sometimes used instead of pronouns among siblings, and they're more often than not used that way among close friends and ''kaleyai''<ref>A ''kaleya'' is a "spiritual friend" in Chlouvānem culture — this word can be translated with "best friend", but it also evokes particular religious meanings.</ref>.
* '''yakaliyātam''' is a ''plural'' pronoun, used when speaking to a representative of a specifically defined group (institution or company).
 
* '''yavyāta''' is a ''plural'' pronoun used for generic, less defined groups.
====Third person====
'''NOTE: This section is not up to date'''


Third person pronouns vary according to whether the third person referent is higher, lower, or equal to the second person, and for each of these cases the relative rank of first and second person further determine which pronoun should be used. In some cases, a third person feminine person requires a different pronoun from a masculine one.<br/> Note that all forms here are for singular pronouns; unless noted they're all nouns (except ''tami'') and they are pluralized regularly if needed.
Third person pronouns vary according to whether the third person referent is higher, lower, or equal to the second person, and for each of these cases the relative rank of first and second person further determine which pronoun should be used. In some cases, a third person feminine person requires a different pronoun from a masculine one.<br/> Note that all forms here are for singular pronouns; unless noted they're all nouns (except ''tami'') and they are pluralized regularly if needed.
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