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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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===Pronouns (''śidrāñjiḫi'')=== | ===Pronouns (''śidrāñjiḫi'')=== | ||
The system of personal pronouns of both Classical and contemporary Dundulanyä is quite complex due to the honorific system. In modern Dundulanyä, the category of "pronouns" isn't actually syntactically differentiated from other nouns (except for being used anaphorically), to the point that, aside for a small number of "morphological" pronouns, which are usually neutral or informal, the pronominal system includes many possibilities of expressing referents in all persons. Dundulanyä pronouns are, in fact, an open class. | |||
The main reason for the complexity of the pronominal system is that there are many possible variants for each person, depending on the formality of the context, the two-way rank difference between speaker and listener, or the three-way rank difference between the speaker, the listener, and the addressee. Some particular forms are also chosen depending on gender. | |||
The fact that there is no syntactical difference between the morphological pronouns and those that are nouns also means that every word used pronominally, including given names, requires that person's verbal concord, i.e. a given name used as a second-person pronoun will be used in concordance with a second-person verb. In the following list, words not marked as being inflected according to pronominal declension are inflected as nouns. However, there are honorific adpositions (most notably ''svo'') used together with pronouns which do not decline; the title or given name used with them declines instead. | |||
====Personal pronouns==== | ====Personal pronouns==== | ||
First- and second-person pronouns have the same declension as nouns, although with the peculiarity of having neither a vocative nor a bound form and having the same form in the direct and ergative cases, as well as sporadic contractions in a few forms. In the traditional analysis, the singular is taken as the root and it is considered to be a nominal with suppletive stems in the dual and plural. | First- and second-person pronouns have the same declension as nouns, although with the peculiarity of having neither a vocative nor a bound form and having the same form in the direct and ergative cases, as well as sporadic contractions in a few forms. In the traditional analysis, the singular is taken as the root and it is considered to be a nominal with suppletive stems in the dual and plural. | ||
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<!--{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | <!-- {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|+ | |+First person (√''yuna'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Direct-Ergative</small> | |||
| '''yuna''' || '''amūve''' || '''yunai'''<sup>1</sup> | |||
! <small>Direct</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Accusative</small> | ! <small>Accusative</small> | ||
| | | yunat || amūtha<sup>2</sup> || yunaih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Dative</small> | ! <small>Dative</small> | ||
| | | yunak || amūvāma || yunumi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Ablative</small> | ! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| | | yunū || amūveṣu || yunenī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Locative</small> | ! <small>Locative</small> | ||
| | | yunā || rowspan=2 | amūvehe || yunyän | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Essive</small> | ! <small>Essive</small> | ||
| rowspan=2 | | | rowspan=2 | yunī || yunoṭu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | ! <small>Instrumental</small> | ||
| | | amūvāl || yunanīka | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>[[#Copula|Fused copular form]]</small> | ||
| | | yūga || amūga || <small>yunai ga /</small><br/>īnega | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||