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Northeadish: Difference between revisions
→Insertion of [ð]: Ø → ð / n__r
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Very similar to the above rule, this means simply that whenever ‹n› finds itself next to ‹r› or ‹ʀ›, ‹ð› magically appears between then. Once again, some of these are permanent sound changes (e.g. *''þunraz'' ‘thunder’ → /þunr̩/ → ''þunðʀ'', which will never become **''þunʀ'' again), while others are variable (e.g. ''mīn'' ‘mine’, but with dative feminine ending ‘-ʀ’ → ''mīnðʀ''). (We actually had a variant of this rule in English, too, which is no longer persistent, but which gave us words like ''thunder'' from the same PGmc. *''þunraz''.) | Very similar to the above rule, this means simply that whenever ‹n› finds itself next to ‹r› or ‹ʀ›, ‹ð› magically appears between then. Once again, some of these are permanent sound changes (e.g. *''þunraz'' ‘thunder’ → /þunr̩/ → ''þunðʀ'', which will never become **''þunʀ'' again), while others are variable (e.g. ''mīn'' ‘mine’, but with dative feminine ending ‘-ʀ’ → ''mīnðʀ''). (We actually had a variant of this rule in English, too, which is no longer persistent, but which gave us words like ''thunder'' from the same PGmc. *''þunraz''.) | ||
===Assimilation of Coronal Consonants before [st]: t,d,þ,ð → Ø / __st=== | |||
That is, the letters /t/, /d/, /þ/, and /ð/ are deleted when followed by /st/ in the same syllable. This rule is common to most older Germanic languages in various forms, and is a reflex of an earlier rule of IndoEuropean. This is the same rule that gives us the word ''best'' from earlier *'batistaz'': batist → betest → betst → best, or ''last'', a reflex of ''latest''. In Northeadish this specifically applies to superlative adjectives (where –ſt is added to an adjective) and to the second person singular indicative past and present forms of verbs. | |||
===I-Umlaut: V[+back] → [+front]=== | |||
While i-umlaut (also known as “i/j-umlaut” or sometimes just “umlaut”) is no longer productive in Northeadish, it does continue to have an impact on inflections (much as it does in modern German), appearing in the following environments: | |||
* Verbs: | |||
**Second person present indicative of strong verbs | |||
**Third person present indicative of strong verbs | |||
**Second person imperative of strong verbs | |||
*Nouns: | |||
**Plural forms of monosyllabic nouns. | |||
**Feminine nouns with the suffix –aðþ (nominal ending) | |||
**Feminine nouns with the suffix -x (nominal ending) | |||
**Nouns with the suffix -a (masculine agentive ending) | |||
**Nouns with the suffix -ena (feminine ending) | |||
**Nouns with the suffix -aſtra (feminine agentive ending) | |||
*Adjectives: | |||
**Comparative adjectives | |||
**Superlative adjectives | |||
**Adjectives with the suffix –ag | |||
**Adjectives with the suffix –lec | |||
*Adverbs | |||
**Adverbs with the suffix –ega | |||
**Adverbs with the suffix –līga | |||