Proto-Quame

Proto-Quihum/Lexicon

Proto-Quihum/Swadesh list

Proto-Quihum is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Quihum languages. It's inspired by Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Thensarian, Naquian, and Sjowaazhéñ.

Todo

How to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?

• Cr > C'?
• Sjowaazhic has less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')

Overview

Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma?

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
					plain	labialized	plain	labialized
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	plain	*p	*t, *c		*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d, *z		*g	*gʷ	*ɢ	*ɢʷ
Fricative		*f	*þ, *s		*x	*xʷ	*χ	*χʷ	*h
Resonant			*ł, *l, *r	*y /j/		*w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i ī		*u ū
Mid	*e *ē	*ə
Open		*a *ā

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

• Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.

Grammar

Typology

The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German).

Ablaut

Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.

Functions of ablaut

• Noun inflections
• Verb inflections
• Verb "binyanim"
• Deriving nouns and verbs

Ablaut grades

• a-grade: present tense
• e-grade: ?
• i-grade: preterite tense
• ə-grade: bare verbal noun
• u-grade: passive for verbs?
• ∅-grade: derivations
• lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices

Nominals

Nouns had:

• two genders: animate, inanimate.
  • There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in Talmic, meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
• two states: absolute and construct.
• two cases: nominative and genitive.
• two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.

Possible declensions:

• a-stems
• x̌-stems
• i-stems
• u-stems
• consonant stems
• heteroclitic stems: r/s

Animate nouns

a-stems

δoerom 'bird'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	δoerom	'
	Construct	δoeroes	δoerot
Genitive	Absolute	'	δoerōni
	Construct	'-'	'-'
Accusative	Absolute	'-'	δoerobim
	Construct	δoeroes	δoerot

Consonant stems

māram 'tree'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	māram	'
	Construct	mārīs	mārae
Genitive	Absolute	'	mārini
	Construct	māria	'-'
Accusative	Absolute	māribos	mārebim
	Construct	mārīs	mārae

Inanimate nouns

a-stems

δoerom 'bird'

		Singulative	Plurative
Nominative	Absolute	δoerom	δeδoerom
	Construct	δoeroes	δoerot
Genitive	Absolute	δeδoerot	δoerōni
	Construct	'-'	'-'
Accusative	Absolute	'-'	δoerobim
	Construct	δoeroes	δoerot

Consonant stems

jénəqws 'water'

i-stems

welís 'name'

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).

Should be Native American-ish

• Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
• Aspects: present, preterite, stative
• Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
• Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can.

Object affixes

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	n-
1 + 2	-
2
3	bi-

Some etyma

• wel-í- = name
  • Possible ablauted stems: wel-ə́y-/wel-yə́-
• stup- = fire
• wjénəqʷ- = water
• -əx̌- = causative or intensive of a verb
  • Verbalizer -ā- in Talmic
• pVd/pd = speak
• snVkʷ? = home, land