Westlondic

Westlondic, Westlondish Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch
Progress: 91%
Type
Mixed
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Initial	Mixed		Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
Yes
Declensions
No
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
2
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice		Mood
Person		Number
Tense		Aspect

General informations

Westlondschspråkig jebiid - Westlondic-speaking area

Westlondic is an Oxman dialect, a West-Germanic language spoken in the Duché du Héron (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France. This language has evolved from the Old Oxman dialect spoken in Westlands (Westlondes in Oxman, Westlonden or Wesslonnen in Westlondic). Old Oxman which evolved from Old Auregan which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). Westlondic is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Oxman, Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Phonology

Alphabet

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further information
a	[a]	short 'a'
b	[b]	like in English
ch	[tʃ]	like the English 'ch' in 'church'
d	[d]	like in English
e	[ɛ] / [e:]	in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
f	[f]	like in English
g	[g]	it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
h	[h]	like in English
i	[ɪ]	short 'i'
j	[j]	like English 'y'
k	[k]	like in English
l	[l]	like in English
m	[m]	like in English
n	[n]	like in English
o	[ɔ]	like in English
p	[p]	like in English
q	[k]	rare, Westlondic prefers to use kw istead of qu in Latin words
r	[r]	trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
s	[s]	voiceless
t	[t]	like in English
u	[œ]	short 'u' in 'but'
v	[v]	like in English
w	[ʋ]	between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
y	[j]	rare
z	[z]	voiced

Consonantic phonemes

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Labio-Velar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n				ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d				k g
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ	ç		χ	h
Affricate				ts dz	tʃ dʒ
Approximant				r ɹ		j	w
Lateral				l

Vocalic phonemes

Oxman shows the following vowels:

Phonemes	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Closed	ɪ	ʊ	i:	y: u:
Mid-closed			e:	o:
Mid-open	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a			ɑ:

Diphthongs and digraphs

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs	Pronunciation
ao	[ɑ:ʊ]
ee	[e:ɪ]
eo	[e:ʊ]

Stress

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

• In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

• In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: jemâken, "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

• All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

Articles

Two kinds of article exist in Westlondic: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: e, en. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is de, die (dii, di) for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is dat. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

Adjectives

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single -e ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

Strong singular	Strong plural / Weak	Meaning
good	gôde	good
aod	aode (also aowe)	old
jung	junge	young
rood	rode	red
lonc	longe	long
heet	hete	hot

Comparative

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-er'. The second term of comparation is introduced by donn and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

• E jebaow högher donn e treew - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'meer' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

Positive	Strong comparative	Weak comparative
good	beter	betere
üvel (bad)	wirre	wirre
üvel (inferior)	sommer (rare)	sommere (rare)
lüttel	småller	smållere
wenig	minner	minnere
aod	eoder	eodere
junc, jung	jünger	jüngere
stronc (strict)	strönger	ströngere
lonc	lönger	löngere
föör (fore)	förmer	förmere
ver, verr, vern (far)	verder	verdere
monig/michel (many, much)	meer	mêre

Superlative

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-st/-est' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

• De schöönste bloom in den werlt - The most beautiful flower in the world.

Adjectives with an irregular superlative

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

Positive	Strong superlative	Weak superlative
good	bes, betst	beste, betste
üvel (bad)	wirst	wirste
üvel (inferior)	sommst (rare)	sommste (rare)
lüttol	smållst	smållste
wenig	minnst, mindst	minnste, mindste
aod	eodst	eodste
junc	jüngst	jüngste
ver, verr, vern	verrst, verdst	verrste, verdste
stronc	ströngst	ströngste
lonc	löngst	löngste
föör	förmst	förmste
monig/michel (many, much)	meest	meeste

Numerals

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	nieght	-
1	een	eerst (time), fürst (place)
2	twee, two	efter, tweede
3	drie, drii	dirde, dridde
4	fier	fierde
5	fiif	fifte
6	sex	sexte
7	seven	sevende
8	oght	oghtte
9	nejen	nejende
10	teen	tende
11	elve(n)	elfte
12	twölf	twölfte
13	dirten, driten	dirtende
14	fierten	fiertende
15	fiften	fiftende
16	sexten	sextende
17	seventen	seventende
18	oghtten	oghttende
19	nejenten	nejentende
20	twintig	twintigste
21	een-onn-twintig	een-onn-twintigste
22	twee-onn-twintig	twee-onn-twintigste
30	dirtig	dirtigste
40	fiertig	fiertigste
50	fiftig	fiftigste
60	sextig	sextigste
70	seventig	seventigste
80	toghttig	toghttigste
90	nejentig	nejentigste
100	hunderd, hunnerd	hunderdste

Personal pronouns

Case	1st person
	Singular		Plural
Subject	ich		wie, wii
Object 1	mie		uus
Object 2	mie		uus
Possessive	miinn mien		uuzer, uure
Case	2nd person
	Singular		Plural
Subject	du		jie
Object 1	di(e), dii		jiw
Object 2	di(e), dii		jiw
Possessive	diin, dien		jiire, jire
Case	3rd person
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Subject	hii, hi(e)	sii, si(e)	et, het	hee
Object 1	hin, him**	sii, hir**	him, hit**	hee, heen**
Object 2	him	hir	et	heen
Genitive	siin, sien, (h)iss	hir	siin, sien, (h)iss	heere

• Dialectal or archaic forms.
  • Common errors, often found in vulgar language

Verbs

Inflections

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

Infinitive	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	plural persons	singular preterit	plural preterit	past participle	Auxiliary	Meaning
hebben	hebb	hast	hat	hebbt	had	hadden	jehafd	hebben	to have
wezen	bi, biin, bien	best	is, es	sinn, senn	was	wären	jeweest, jewezen	wezen	to be
doon	doo	deest	deet	doot	deed	deden	jedoon, jedåån	hebben	to do
gåån	gåå	geest	geet	gååt	iide, jinc	iiden, jingen	jegåån	wezen	to go
våren	våår	veerst	veert	våårt	voor	vôren	jevåren	wezen	to go
flêje, flieje	fleej, fliej	fleejst, fliejst	fleejt, fliejt	fleejt, fliejt	flooj	flôjen	jeflôjen	wezen	to fly
ziin, zien	zii	ziist	ziit	ziit	zåj	zåjen	jeziin	hebben	to see
lejjen	lej	lejst	lejt	lejt	leide	leiden	jeleid	hebben	to lay
möten	muut	muust	muut	mööt(t)	mööste	möösten	—	hebben	to may, must
komen	koom	küümst	küümt	koomt	kwam	kwamen	jekomen	wezen	to come
künnen	kann	kannst	kann	künnt	küüde	küden	jeküüd	hebben	to can
sejje	sej	sejst, sajst	sejt, sajt	sejt	seide	seiden	jeseid	hebbe	to say
fortellen	fortell	fortellst	fortellt	fortellt	fortellde	fortellden	fortelld	hebben	to tell
witen	weet	weest	weet	witt	wisse	wissen	jewiten	hebben	to know
knåwen	knåw	knewst	knewth	knåweth	kniew	kniewen	jeknowen	hebben	to recognise
willen	will	willt, willst	will	willt	wöllde	wöllden	jewilld	hebben	to want to
schüllen	schall	schallt, schallst	schall	schüllt	schöllde	schöllden	—	hebben	to shall, must
sterven	sterf	stirfst	stirfth	sterft	storf	storven	jestorven	wezen	to die
måken	mååk	mååkst	mååkt	mååkt	mååkte	mååkten	jemååkt	hebben	to make
êten	eet	itst	itt	eet	åt	åten	jeëten	hebben	to eat
müjje	maj	majst, maght	maj	müjt	moghte	moghten	— (jemoght)	hebben	to may
haoden	haod	heodst	heodth	haodeth	heeod	heeoden	jehaoden, gehaoden	hebben	to hold
wirchen	wirch	wirchst	wircht	wircht	wroghte	wroghten	jewroght, gewrocht	hebben	to work

Indefinites

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

Indefinite	Meaning
iemann	somebody
ieeen	someone
evending	something/anything
evenwær	somewhere
neaman	nobody
newær	nowhere
nene (also neëne)	none
neding	nothing
enyman	anybody
enyene	anyone
enyding	anything
enywær	anywhere
theyene	the one (who)
thatean	that one (which)
elc	each
all	all
othor	other