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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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Often, these meanings correlate to nominal tense, with the exessive expressing a past state, the essive a present one, and the translative another in the future: | Often, these meanings correlate to nominal tense, with the exessive expressing a past state, the essive a present one, and the translative another in the future: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lili rahēllilan vi. | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. doctor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I am a will-be-doctor. (i.e. "I'm studying to become a doctor.") | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = praškeva lenta hūrtalgān rahēllailąs jali. | |||
| gloss = male's_older_brother-<small>GEN.DU</small>. together_with. Hūrtalgān.<small>DIR</small>. doctor-<small>ESS.PL</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = Hūrtalgān and his two older brothers are all doctors. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lilyā kaleya mæn nanū aveṣyotārire lallāmahan camimurkadhānan gī gu lilullenāvaute ša. | |||
| gloss = my-<small>DIR</small>. spiritual_friend.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. more. be_excellent-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. highness-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. great_inquisitor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. be.<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>NEG</small>=believe.<small>POT-IND.PAST.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>=<small>NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = I could not believe that my best friend was the Great Inquisitor-elect. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = chališiroe mæn šulañšenat jalgudām vi. | |||
| gloss = Chališiroe.<small>DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. husband-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. Jalgudām.<small>DIR</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = As for Chališiroe, Jalgudām is her former husband. | |||
}} | |||
The verb ''ndǣke'' (to become), as well as its pragmatic implications, may be completely replaced by a (zero-)copular sentence by means of the translative (and, possibly, exessive too) case. Such sentences may often only be rendered in English periphrastically: | The verb ''ndǣke'' (to become), as well as its pragmatic implications, may be completely replaced by a (zero-)copular sentence by means of the translative (and, possibly, exessive too) case. Such sentences may often only be rendered in English periphrastically: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = tamyā glūkam nūlinyañīnat murkadhānan. | |||
| gloss = his_or_her.<small>DIR</small>. brother.<small>DIR.SG</small>. leaf.counter-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. inquisitor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = Her brother, who was a time-waster<ref>In Chlouvānem literally "one who counts leaves".</ref>, is now studying to become an Inquisitor. | |||
}} | |||
The essive is typically used for the patient of most intransitive and interior verbs outside of patient-trigger voice: | The essive is typically used for the patient of most intransitive and interior verbs outside of patient-trigger voice: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = meinā saminēm hulābdān nīkǣdarāhai. | |||
| gloss = mother.<small>DIR.SG</small>. child-<small>ESS.PL</small>. well. behave-<small>IND.PRES.3PL.EXTERIOR-BENEF</small>. | |||
| translation = For/In order to please [their] mother, the children behave well. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dvārma taili uṃręs virā. | |||
| gloss = room.<small>DIR.SG</small>. many. wardrobe-<small>ESS.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. | |||
| translation = In the room there are many wardrobes. | |||
}} | |||
The translative is typically used to express purpose if it directly affects the selected argument: | The translative is typically used to express purpose if it directly affects the selected argument: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = murkadhānan kaminairīveyu. | |||
| gloss = inquisitor-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. study-<small>IND.PRES.1SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I am studying in order to become an Inquisitor. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nadaidanan lairęs lā peithegde. | |||
| gloss = get_to_know_person-<small>TRANS.SG</small>. Lairē-<small>ESS</small>. with. walk.<small>MULTIDIR.IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = (S)he is going out with Lairē in order to get to know her. | |||
}} | |||
Essive and exessive are also used to state what something is made of, or what something was produced from respectively: | Essive and exessive are also used to state what something is made of, or what something was produced from respectively: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = māręs jolan lais hælvaiya | |||
| gloss = mango-<small>ESS.SG</small>. melon-<small>ESS.SG</small>. and_<small>INCOMPL</small>. fruit_salad.<small>DIR.SG</small>. | |||
| translation = a fruit salad predominantly made of mangoes and melons | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = jolanat lārmis | |||
| gloss = melon-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. lārmis.<small>DIR.SG</small>.) | |||
| translation = melon lārmis<ref>A Chlouvānem fruit brandy.</ref> | |||
}} | |||
The exessive is used to state a cause or reason if it is a concrete noun (the ablative is used for abstract ones): | The exessive is used to state a cause or reason if it is a concrete noun (the ablative is used for abstract ones): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = kita kūrokat kalpire.'' | |||
| gloss = house.<small>DIR.SG</small>. harmful_fire-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. damage-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = The house is damaged because of the fire. | |||
}} | |||
===Locational and instrumental cases=== | ===Locational and instrumental cases=== | ||