Celabrian: Difference between revisions
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====Noun classes==== | |||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Celabrian noun classes | |||
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! colspan="3" | Class | |||
! Absolutive !! Ergative !! Dative !! Genitive !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Comitative !! Adverbial | |||
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! rowspan="2" | 1 !! colspan="2" | Singular | |||
| vułk || vułk'''əq''' || vułk'''əd''' || vułk'''əš''' || vułk'''e''' || vułk'''a''' || vułk'''əm''' || vułk'''ək''' || vułk'''əs''' | |||
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! colspan="2" | Plural | |||
| vyľḱ || vyľḱ'''əq''' || || || || || || || || | |||
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|}--> | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Revision as of 23:51, 18 November 2018
Celabrian (Celabrian: girṭeʒ [ˈɡiɾtʼɛd͡z]) is an Indo-European language.
Introduction
Etymology
The name Celabrian comes from the tribal name Celabri (Greek: Κελαβροί) < Proto-Celabrian *kelabʰras "warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian č̣łavr [t͡ʃʼɫavɾ]) < *kelas "spear" (< PIE *gʷelH- "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian č̣ał [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + *-bʰras "bearer" (< PIE *bʰer- "to bear, carry").
The endonym girṭeʒ comes from gir "Celabrian" (< PC *wīras "man" < PIE *wiHrós "man, warrior") + ṭeʒ "language" (< PC *tancūs "tongue" < PIE *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s). The formal language is known as bonṭeʒ [ˈbontʼɛd͡z], from bon "clear, eloquent" (< PC *bʰānas < PIE *bʰeh₂- "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as akrəṭeʒ [ˈakʰɾətʼɛd͡z] (Classical Celabrian: akʰra tanci [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from akr "precise, sharp" (< PC *akʰras "sharp" < PIE *h₂ḱrós). The colloquial language is known as łøðṭeʒ [ˈɫ̪œtʼːɛd͡z], from łøð "masses, common folk" (< PC *aleudʰis < PIE *h₁léwdʰis "people").
Phonology
Orthography
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ň [ɲ] | ŋ [ŋ] | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p [pʰ] | t [tʰ] | ḱ [cʰ] | k [kʰ] | q [q ~ ʔ]1 | |||
voiced | b [b] | d [d] | ǵ [ɟ] | g [ɡ] | |||||
ejective | ṗ [pʼ] | ṭ [tʼ] | ḳ́ [cʼ] | ḳ [kʼ] | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | c [t͡sʰ] | č [t͡ʃʰ] | ||||||
voiced | ʒ [d͡z] | ǯ [d͡ʒ] | |||||||
ejective | c̣ [t͡sʼ] | č̣ [t͡ʃʼ] | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | θ [θ] | s [s] | š [ʃ] | x́ [ç] | x [χ ~ h]1 | ||
voiced | v [v] | ð [ð] | z [z] | ž [ʒ] | j [ʝ ~ j]2 | h [ɦ ~ ʁ]1 | |||
Approximant | central | ř [ɻ] | |||||||
lateral | ł [ɫ̪] | l [l] | ľ [ʎ] | ||||||
Trill | ṙ [r] | ||||||||
Flap | r [ɾ] |
Notes:
1 The guttural consonants q, x, and h can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.
Phoneme | Adjacent to consonant | Not adjacent to consonant | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
initial | medial | final | ||
q | q | ʔ ~ q | ||
x | χ | χ ~ h | h ~ χ | |
h | ʁ | ɦ | ɦ ~ ʁ | ʁ |
2 Pronounced [ʝ] syllable-initially and [j] otherwise.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i [i] | y [y] | u [u] | |
Mid | e [ɛ] | ø [œ] | ə [ə] | o [ɔ] |
Open | a [a] |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Historical phonology
PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)
*h1e > e *a, *h2e > a *(H)o, *h3e > a *ē, *eh1 > ē *eh2 > ā *ō, *oH, *eh3 > ō *iH > ī *uH > ū stress shifts (often to penultimate syllable/mora) *w, *y > Ø / in long diphthongs *CHC > CaC *HC- > aC- / #_ *r̥H > ra *l̥H > la *n̥H > na *m̥H > ma *r̥ > ri, ar *l̥ > li, al *m̥ > am *n̥ > an -m > -n / _#, _C (assimilates to place of articulation of following consonant) labiovelar > plain velar palatovelar > plain velar / _r, _l, _n, _s *p; *t; *ḱ; *k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ /t͡sʰ/; kʰ *b; *d; *ǵ; *g > p; t; c /t͡s/; k *ǵʰ > *ʒʰ /d͡zʱ/ (other voiced aspirates preserved) sbʰ; sdʰ; sʒʰ; sgʰ > spʰ; stʰ; scʰ; skʰ *s > š / r_, u_, K_, i_ (ruki sound law)
Transcription differences without significant sound change: *y > j *Vy > Vi *Vu > Vu
Early PC to Late PC
ē > ī / _ns ē > ā / otherwise In some dialects, this takes place after the palatalization of velars, affecting some words that were reborrowed into the standard dialect. ei, eje > ī e > i / with i in following syllable s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening consonant is present) s > Ø / #_r, #_l sr, šr > rr / non-initial sl, šl > ll / non-initial velar stop (k, kʰ, gʰ) > palatal stop (ḱ, ḱʰ, ǵʰ) / before front vowels or j - at this stage, palatalization is allophonic
Late PC to Old Celabrian
ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/ stop consonant + tʰ > ttʰ -s, -t > disappear / _# s- > ž / #_ -s- > h / V_V sT; sP; sC; sČ; sK > θ; f; s; š; x Kš > ččʰ Ps, Ts > ss sw > xʷ w > gʷ / #_, after sonorant Pj > *Pš > šš (where P represents any labial stop) Tj > ČČ Cj > CC Čj > ČČ nj; lj; rj; sj > ň; ľ; ř; š / #_, C_ nj; lj; rj; sj > ňň; ľľ; řř; šš / V_V mj > mň Kn > ň-, -ňň- Tn > nn Pn > mn j > ǵ / #_ bʰ; dʰ; ʒʰ; ǯʰ > b; d; ʒ; ǯ gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal gʰ > ɣ / otherwise e > ja / before a, in non-final closed syllables e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal ō > vø̄-, -ø̄- ū > vȳ, -ȳ- ai > jē-, -ē- eu > jø̄, -ø̄- au > vø̄, -ø̄- o (from loanwords) > vo / #_ e > je / #_ ē > jē / #_
Transcription differences without significant sound change: w > ʷ / C_ w > v / V_V
Old Celabrian phonology
|
|
Notes:
1 Allophone of n before nasals.
2 Allophone of ɣ adjacent to nasals.
3 All consonants can be labialized, but only gʷ is treated as an independent phoneme.
Old Celabrian to Classical Celabrian
cʰ; ʒ; čʰ > s; z; š / except after n, l ž, ř > ř /ɹ/ ā > ō / except in final syllable Unstressed final syllable vowels (does not affect monosyllabic words): short vowel > disappears / when not followed by consonant ā > a ī, ē, ø̄, ȳ > i Stressed final syllable vowels (including in monosyllabic words): ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē
Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian
a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable final unstressed -a > -ə long vowel > short a; ə; o; u > e; e; ø; y / when followed by /i/ in following syllable velar > palatal / before front vowel Cʷ > C v > disappears / after rounded vowel in unstressed syllables final unstressed -i > disappears b; d; ǯ; g > v; ð; ž; ɣ / V_V mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ŋg > m; n; n; ň; ŋ mp; nt; nc; nč; ŋk > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; g p; t; c; č; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ / #_ p; t; c; č; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; q / V_ h, x > x /χ ~ h/ r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated r > r /ɾ/ / otherwise l > ł /ɫ/ / between vowels ɣ > disappears / before sonorant mn > m mň > ň geminate consonant > single consonant Tr > Č Kl, Tl > Ḱ pre-tonic vowel loss whenever possible, otherwise generally > ə (but sometimes preserved) Forms consonant clusters that are resolved as follows: nasal + obstruent > nasal assimilates to place of articulation of obstruent obstruent clusters assimilate to voicing of final obstruent ṙ > r / in clusters N + r/ř/l/ł > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted (but ň + r > ndr; n/ň + l > ŋgl; n/ň + ł > ŋgł) N + ľ > ňǵ s + r/ř/l/ł > str/stř/skl/skł š + r/ř/l/ł > štr/štř/škl/škł z/ž + r/ř > epenthetic -d- inserted affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative T + s/z > c/ʒ Č + s/z > č/ǯ etc
Transcription differences without significant sound change: ɣ > h /ɦ ~ ʁ/ Cʰ > C
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person and number | Absolutive | Emphatic | Ergative | Dative | Genitive | Ablative | Locative | Instrumental | Adverbial | Vocative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | Singular | am | mom | anʒ | miz | mjen | ||||||
Plural | ne | |||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | ti | |||||||||
Formal | ||||||||||||
Plural | ǵi | |||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Common | ||||||||||
Neuter | ||||||||||||
Plural | Common | |||||||||||
Neuter |