Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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===A short introduction=== | ===A short introduction=== | ||
To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ | To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has_been/is_being made. | ||
A sentence in lekma | A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connective + agent x object x verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a complement(subject,topic) x a particle(, is it? thing). | ||
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! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant | ! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| ʋ<br>v | | ʋ<br>v,u- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| sac/sɐk/ | | sac/sɐk/ | ||
| nac/nɐk/ | | nac/nɐk/ | ||
| | | uac/ʋɐk/ | ||
| ács/ʔäks/ | | ács/ʔäks/ | ||
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ||
| Line 249: | Line 249: | ||
| sü/syː/ | | sü/syː/ | ||
| nü/nyː/ | | nü/nyː/ | ||
| | | uüe/ʋyː/ | ||
| | | uües/ʋyːs/ | ||
| süen,nüen, | | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/ | ||
| | | uüens/ʔyːens/ | ||
| You | | You | ||
|- | |- | ||
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}} | ! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}} | ||
! colspan="1" |{{blue| | ! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}} | ||
! colspan="1" |{{blue| | ! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}} | ||
! colspan="1" |{{blue| | ! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}} | ||
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}} | ! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}} | ||
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}} | ! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==== | ==== Swadesh list ==== | ||
{{trans-top|Lexicon *development}} | {{trans-top|Lexicon *development}} | ||
* I: kkac | * I: kkac | ||
* you (singular): | * you (singular): ùüe | ||
* he: hhonn | * he: hhonn | ||
* we: kkácen | * we: kkácen | ||
* you (plural): | * you (plural): ùüen | ||
* they: hhian | * they: hhian | ||
* this : torce,toc/iá | * this : torce,toc/iá | ||
* that: | * that: kkáe | ||
* here: tocma | * here: tocma | ||
* there: àema | * there: àema | ||
* who: hhia/lhia | * who: hhia/lhia | ||
* what: | * what: kva | ||
* where: | * where: kvime | ||
* when: | * when: kvatzuí | ||
* how: | * how: kvamuí | ||
* not: né | * not: né | ||
* all: àen | * all: àen | ||
* many: àens | * many: àens | ||
* some: | * some: de àen | ||
* few: | * few: làes | ||
* other: né daes | * other: né daes | ||
* one: ená, | * one: ená,ésa | ||
* two: | * two: tzue | ||
* three: mal | * three: mal | ||
* four: rcut | * four: rcut | ||
| Line 366: | Line 366: | ||
* fish: fisk | * fish: fisk | ||
* bird: toflie | * bird: toflie | ||
* dog: | * dog: cúon | ||
* louse: lus | * louse: lus | ||
* snake: iá | * snake: iá | ||
Revision as of 00:44, 4 January 2019
A short introduction
To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has_been/is_being made.
A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connective + agent x object x verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a complement(subject,topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).
Phonology
- Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||||||
| Plosive | p b ff,b b,rb |
t d tt,t,d d,rd |
k g k,c c,rc |
ʔ kk | |||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz |
s s |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ v,u- |
j i- |
|||||||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ -r,-rr- |
||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɯ u û u | |||
| Close-mid | e ø e ö |
o o | |||
| Open-mid | ʌ ô | ||||
| Near-open | ɐ â |
||||
| Open | ä a |
(cvc's list)
± phonotactics *development - C
- k
- t
- sr
- nr
- V
- a
- e
- oi
- C
- nn
- h
- t
Morpheme/Particle of nouns
| noun root | word | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
| *ac/ʔɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | uac/ʋɐk/ | ács/ʔäks/ | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| *üe/ʔyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | uüe/ʋyː/ | uües/ʋyːs/ | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/ | uüens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| *hhia/ɦiä/ | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | hhia/ɦiä/ | ías/ɦiäs/ | sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ | íans/ɦiäns/ | They (singular) |
| *kkae/ʔae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àes/ʔais/ | saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
Morpheme/Particle of verbs
| verb root | indicative form | subjunctive form | connective form | noun-like form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present/habitual | the motion is in the future | -ing, /if thing | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
| *sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sád/säːt/ | selínde/selindɐ/ | selínt/selint/ | be |
| *bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/bäɦät/ | bád/bäːt/ | balínde/bälindɐ/ | balínt/bälint/ | have |
| *tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tád/täːt/ | telínde/telindɐ/ | telínt/telint/ | hang,raise |
Swadesh list
± Lexicon *development - I: kkac
- you (singular): ùüe
- he: hhonn
- we: kkácen
- you (plural): ùüen
- they: hhian
- this : torce,toc/iá
- that: kkáe
- here: tocma
- there: àema
- who: hhia/lhia
- what: kva
- where: kvime
- when: kvatzuí
- how: kvamuí
- not: né
- all: àen
- many: àens
- some: de àen
- few: làes
- other: né daes
- one: ená,ésa
- two: tzue
- three: mal
- four: rcut
- five: unal
- big:
- long:
- wide:
- thick:
- heavy:
- small:
- short: kul
- narrow:
- thin:
- woman: lhuó
- man (adult male): lhuó
- man (human being): hhan/lhuó
- child:
- wife:
- husband:
- mother: máma
- father: táta
- animal:
- fish: fisk
- bird: toflie
- dog: cúon
- louse: lus
- snake: iá
- worm: hhom
- tree: rbaim
- forest: rbosk
- stick:
- fruit: fam
- seed:
- leaf: hhüo
- root: lád
- bark (of a tree):
- flower: chúa
- grass:
- rope: sinn
- skin: ffal
- meat: salk
- blood: salk
- bone:
- fat (noun):
- egg: ai
- horn:
- tail:
- feather: fie
- hair: tetr
- head: kab
- ear: olhen
- eye: ain
- nose: nes
- mouth:
- tooth: tzann
- tongue (organ): tzann
- fingernail: tzann
- foot:
- leg: rbaim
- knee:
- hand: tec
- wing: fiem
- belly:
- guts:
- neck: nec
- back: tzüc
- breast: ffec
- heart: kel
- liver: kel
- to drink: sifel
- to eat: nham
- to bite: tzaunel
- to suck: sifel
- to spit:
- to vomit:
- to blow: bolel
- to breathe: nesel
- to laugh: hrak
- to see: vis
- to hear: sanhel
- to know: can,kacnu
- to think:
- to smell: nesel
- to fear:
- to sleep:
- to live:
- to die:
- to kill: sral
- to fight: sral
- to hunt:
- to hit:
- to cut:
- to split:
- to stab:
- to scratch: skilel
- to dig:
- to swim: svim
- to fly: fel
- to walk: salka,salkel
- to come: salka
- to lie (as in a bed): líc
- to sit: sidel
- to stand: hrec
- to turn (intransitive):
- to fall: feiel
- to give:
- to hold:
- to squeeze:
- to rub: vask
- to wash: vask
- to wipe:
- to pull: tec
- to push: tec/ffon
- to throw:
- to tie:
- to sew:
- to count: teltztif
- to say: soe
- to sing: séunel
- to play: rbil
- to float:
- to flow: lom
- to freeze: trilel
- to swell:
- sun: hrá
- moon:
- star:
- water: vad
- rain: lein
- river: léne
- lake: léne
- sea:
- salt:
- stone: shè
- sand: sa
- dust:
- earth: thi
- cloud: küt
- fog: küt
- sky: séo
- wind:
- snow:
- ice: tril
- smoke:
- fire: féu
- ash:
- to burn:
- road: vei
- mountain: mon
- red: hrot
- green: léu
- yellow: col
- white: hrát
- black:
- night:
- day: rdi
- year:
- warm: nôk
- cold: tril
- full:
- new:
- old:
- good: bim
- bad:
- rotten:
- dirty: mud
- straight: baim
- round: kadbal
- sharp (as a knife):
- dull (as a knife):
- smooth:
- wet: vadmui
- dry: sekel
- correct: baim
- near: tocmáf
- far: naemáf
- right:
- left:
- at: tzúi
- in: hhins
- with: múi
- and: e,elk
- if: o,som
- because:
- name: námel