Eighth edition lekma

A short introduction

Through making a miniature language, I learnt a lot about the capabilities of languages. To know more is the reason for it, namely lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is under development.

A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a subject/topic × a particle(, is it? thing).

Phonology

• Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m m			n n	ɳ nr		ɲ nh	ŋ un,-nn
Plosive	p b b,ff b,rb			t d t,d,tt d,rd				k g c,k c,rc		ʔ kk,`
Affricate				t͡s tz	ʈ͡ʂ tr	t͡ɕ th
Fricative		f f	θ cz*	s ʃ s sh	ʂ sr	ɕ sh*			χ -k,ch	ɦ hh
Approximant		ʋ v,u-					j i-
Trill									ʀ hr
Flap or tap				ɾ l,-r,-rr-
Lateral app.				l l			ʎ lh

These letters with * are rare.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y i ü				ɯ u û u
Mid-open	e ø e,ä ö		ɐ a,â,e,ë		ʌ o ô o
Open			ä a

Vowel length is a phoneme. This long vowel includes diphthong as well as their allophones.

Phonotactics

± phonotactics *development
C k t lh sr nr	V a á;ae;ai e ee:ei;é ö;eu oi oo;ou;ó	C nn h tz cz t ns sk

Declension

noun root							word
	the agent of a transitive verb	the subject/locative of an intransitive verb	the direct/indirect object of a verb	possessive form	plural form	plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/	sac/sɐk/	nac/nɐk/	uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]	ács/ʔäks/	sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/	ácens/ʔäːgens/	I
*üe/ʔyː/	sü/syː/	nü/nyː/	uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]	uües/ʋyːs/	süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/	uüens/ʔyːens/	You
*hhia/ɦiä/	íasaé/ɦiänsäe/	íanaé/ɦiänäe/	hhia/ɦiä/	ías/ɦiäs/	sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/	íans/ɦiäns/	They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/	aesaé/ʔaesäe/	aenaé/ʔaenäe/	àe/ʔae/	àes/ʔais/	saen,naen,àen/ʔain/	àens/ʔaens/	Thing

Conjugation

verb root	indicative form	subjunctive form	connective form	noun-like form		word
	present/habitual	the motion is futural	-ing, /if	the motion is incomplete	the motion is completed
*sel/sel/	ser/sel/,[seɾ]	seat/seɦät/	sád/säːt/	selínde/selindɐ/	selínt/selint/	be
*bal/bäl/	bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]	baat/bäɦät/	bád/bäːt/	balínde/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]	balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]	have
*tel/tel/	ter/tel/,[teɾ]	teat/teɦät/	tád/täːt/	telínde/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]	telínt/telint/[teˈint]	hang,raise

Swadesh List

± Lexicon *development

I: kkac you (singular): kküe he: hhonn we: kkácen you (plural): kküeen they: hhian this : torce,toc/iá/due that: kkáe here: tocma there: àema who: hhia/lhia what: kva where: kvime when: kvatzuí how: kvamuí not: né all: àen many: àens some: de àen few: làes other: né daes one: ená,ésa two: tzue three: mal four: cut five: unal big: lhens long: naelhens wide: daesbala thick: bala heavy: né fie small: tis short: kul narrow: tis thin: kadtis woman: lhúa man (adult male): lhúa man (human being): hhan/lhúo child: tislhuo wife: mama dae kus husband: tata dae kus mother: máma father: táta animal: this fish: fisk bird: tofie dog: cúon louse: lús snake: lám worm: hhom tree: rbaim forest: rbosk stick: baunel fruit: fam seed: fam leaf: hhüo root: lád bark (of a tree): flower: lilisen grass: ladlili rope: sinn skin: bäl meat: salk blood: salk bone: lám fat (noun): egg: ai horn: kol tail: lámen feather: fie hair: tetr head: kabi ear: olhen eye: ain nose: nes mouth: lif tooth: tzann tongue (organ): tzann fingernail: tzann foot: baim leg: baim knee: baim hand: tec wing: fiem belly: mac guts: mac neck: nec back: tzüc breast: bec heart: kel liver: kel to drink: sifel to eat: nem to bite: tzaunel to suck: sifel to spit: nemel to vomit: tue dae nems to blow: bolel to breathe: nesel to laugh: hrak to see: vis to hear: sanhel to know: can,kacnu to think: canel

to smell: nesel to fear: bai to sleep: bei to live: súmel to die: né súmel to kill: sral to fight: sral to hunt: sral to hit: láb to cut: kul to split: tuinde kut/tua tzues to stab: binn to scratch: skilel to dig: binn to swim: svím to fly: fei to walk: salka,salkel to come: hhim to lie (as in a bed): lob to sit: sidel to stand: hrec to turn (intransitive): silkel to fall: feiel to give: tue to hold: hrantel to squeeze: tzecal to rub: vask to wash: vask to wipe: vaskel to pull: tec to push: tec/ffon to throw: tue toc náe to tie: ticel to sew: ffinticel to count: teltzif to say: srua to sing: séunel to play: rbil to float: lom to flow: lom to freeze: íelel to swell: rcol sun: hrá moon: daehrá star: lucz water: súm rain: lein river: léne lake: léne sea: léneen salt: sala stone: shè sand: sahr dust: hroma earth: thi cloud: küt fog: küt sky: séo wind: fendas snow: nívas ice: íelen smoke: féu fire: féu ash: dae féu to burn: tocféu tue road: vei mountain: mon red: hrot green: léu yellow: col white: hrát black: dal night: dal day: dis year: iálen warm: nôk cold: íels full: buk new: bil old: né bil good: hhim bad: né hhim rotten: tocel nae dirty: mud straight: baim round: kadbal sharp (as a knife): dull (as a knife): smooth: dilel wet: súmmuí dry: sekal correct: baim near: tocmas far: naemas right: hris left: chol at: tzúi in: lhea with: múi/mue and: e,elk if: o,sôm because: fúi name: námel