Eighth edition lekma

A short introduction

Through making a miniature language, I learnt a lot about the capabilities of languages. To know more is the reason for lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, which is under development.

A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a subject/topic × a particle(, is it? thing).

Phonology

• Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m m			n n	ɳ nr		ɲ nh	ŋ un,-nn
Plosive	p b b,ff b,rb			t d t,d,tt d,rd				k g c,k c,rc		ʔ kk,`
Affricate				t͡s tz	ʈ͡ʂ tr	t͡ɕ th
Fricative		f f	θ cz*	s ʃ s sh	ʂ sr	ɕ sh*			χ -k,ch	ɦ hh
Approximant		ʋ v,u-					j i-
Trill									ʀ hr
Flap or tap				ɾ l,-r,-rr-
Lateral app.				l l			ʎ lh

These letters with * are rare.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y i ü				ɯ u û u
Mid-open	e ø e,ä ö		ɐ a,â,e,ë		ʌ o ô o
Open			ä a

Vowel length is a phoneme. This long vowel includes diphthong as well as their allophones.

Phonotactics

± phonotactics *development
C k t lh sr nr	V a á:allophones;ae;ai;oa e ee:allophones;ei;é;ea ö:allophones;eu oi oo:allophones;ou;ó	C nn h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk

Morphemes

± It is applied for inter parts of speech
s- n- a- -a -e -s -as -es -n -en -ns -ens	-r -l -t -d -er -el -et -ad -nd -nt -nds -nts

Declension

noun root							word
	the agent of a transitive verb	the subject/locative of an intransitive verb	the direct/indirect object of a verb	possessive form	plural form	plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/	sac/sɐk/	nac/nɐk/	uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]	ács/ʔäks/	sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/	ácens/ʔäːgens/	I
*üe/ʔyː/	sü/syː/	nü/nyː/	uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]	uües/ʋyːs/	süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/	uüens/ʔyːens/	You
*hhia/ɦiä/	íasaé/ɦiänsäe/	íanaé/ɦiänäe/	hhia/ɦiä/	ías/ɦiäs/	sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/	íans/ɦiäns/	They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/	aesaé/ʔaesäe/	aenaé/ʔaenäe/	àe/ʔae/	àes/ʔais/	saen,naen,àen/ʔain/	àens/ʔaens/	Thing

Conjugation

verb root	indicative form	subjunctive form	connective form	noun-like form		word
	present/habitual	the motion is futural	-ing, /if	the motion is incomplete	the motion is completed
*sel/sel/	ser/sel/,[seɾ]	seat/seɦät/	sád/säːt/	selínda/selindɐ/	selínt/selint/	be
*bal/bäl/	bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]	baat/bäɦät/	bád/bäːt/	balínda/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]	balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]	have
*tel/tel/	ter/tel/,[teɾ]	teat/teɦät/	tád/täːt/	telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]	telínt/telint/[teˈint]	hang,raise

Swadesh List

± Lexicon /old lexic entries *development

I: kkac /nac you (singular): kküe /nie he: hhonn /han we: kkácen /nacen you (plural): kküeen /nien they: hhian /hia this : torce /toc,iá,due that: kkáe /hae here: tocma /tcm there: àema /aem who: hhia,lhia /lia what: kva /kvd where: kvime /kvm when: kvatzuí /kvn how: kvamuí /kvi not: né /nei all: àen /aen many: àens /aens some: de àen /desaen few: làes /leas other: né daes /neidae one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /esh two: tzue /dva three: mal /mal four: cut /cut five: unal /hal big: lhens /ae long: naelhens /ae wide: daesbala /ae thick: bala /ae heavy: né fie /neifias small: ae /tis short: kul /ae narrow: tis /tisma thin: kadtis /ae woman: lhúa /lua man (adult male): lhúa /lua man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo child: ae /tisluo wife: ae /mama dae kús husband: ae /tata dae kús mother: máma /mam father: táta /tat animal: this /ae fish: ae /fsk bird: tofie /tfl dog: cúon /chn louse: ae /lus snake: ae /lam worm: hhom /orm tree: ae /bim forest: ae /bsk stick: baunel /ae fruit: fam /flm seed: fam /ae leaf: hhüo /lif root: lád /lad bark (of a tree): bolo /bim dui en. bark flower: ae /lili grass: ladlili /ae rope: sinn /ae skin: bäl /ae meat: salk /slk blood: salk /ae bone: lám /ae fat (noun): bét /fat egg: ais /ae horn: kol /krn tail: lámen /lam feather: fie /fli hair: tetr /khr head: ae /cab ear: olhen /orh eye: ain /oin nose: nes /nez mouth: ae /lif tooth: tzann /fnc tongue (organ): tzann /zau fingernail: tzann /fau foot: ae /bam leg: ae /bam knee: baim /ae hand: tec /tek wing: fiem /fli belly: mac /ae guts: mac /ae neck: nec /ae back: tzüc /ruc breast: bec /fec heart: kel /kor liver: kel /ae to drink: sifel /drk to eat: nem /nhm to bite: tzaunel /tnf to suck: sifel /ae to spit: nemel /ae to vomit: tue dae nems /ae to blow: bolel /ae to breathe: nesel /ae to laugh: hrak /rch to see: vis /ver to hear: sanhel /oir to know: can /cna to think: canel /dik

to smell: nesel /ae to fear: bai /ae to sleep: bei /slf to live: súmel /ae to die: né súmel /ae to kill: sral /ae to fight: sral /ae to hunt: sral /ae to hit: láb /lfn to cut: kul /ae to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval to stab: binn /ae to scratch: skilel /ae to dig: binn /nem to swim: ae /svi to fly: ae /fei to walk: salkel /ae to come: hhim /clm to lie (as in a bed): lob /ae to sit: sidel /set to stand: hrec /tnd to turn (intransitive): silkel /ae to fall: feiel /fei to give: túe /tue to hold: hrantel /ae to squeeze: tzecal /ae to rub: vask /ae to wash: vask /ae to wipe: vaskel /vsk to pull: tec /ae to push: tec,ffon /ae to throw: tue toc náe /ae to tie: ticel /bnd to sew: ffinticel /ae to count: teltzif /ae to say: srua /seu to sing: séunel /seu to play: bil /sfl to float: lom /flt to flow: ae /flt to freeze: íelel /iel to swell: rcol /ae sun: hrá /na moon: daehrá /mun star: lucz /trl water: súm /sumi rain: lein /rcn river: léne /len lake: léne /len sea: léneen /len salt: sala /slt stone: shè /stn sand: sahr /snd dust: hroma /ae earth: thi /nulmaf cloud: küt /sku fog: küt /foc sky: séo /sulmaf wind: fendas /vnd snow: nívas /snu ice: íelen /ais smoke: féu /feo fire: féu /feo ash: daeféu /ae to burn: tocféu tue /feol road: vei /vec mountain: ae /mon red: hrot /rod green: léu /crn yellow: col /clb white: hrát /vit black: dal /blc night: dal /nkt day: dis /dac year: iálen /zuames warm: nôk /vrm cold: íels /chl full: buk /ful new: bil /na old: né bil /ae good: hhim /bim bad: né hhim /ae rotten: tocel nae /na dirty: mud /ae straight: bim /na round: kadbal /na sharp (as a knife): dis /na dull (as a knife): dos /na smooth: dilel /na wet: súmmuí /vods dry: sekal /sek correct: bim /ae near: tocmas /na far: naemas /na right: hris /rec left: chol /lic at: tzúi /zui,tui in: lhea /ins with: múi,mue /mui and: e,elk /elk if: o,sôm /som because: fúi /kar name: námel /nam