Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Neubalhhonn (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Neubalhhonn (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is a destination, which was mere a waypoint, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make to learn about languages, also the knowledge can much affect it, so it is always under construction. | |||
The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle. | |||
{{trans-top| | {{trans-top|attribution type}} | ||
adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
| | | | ||
| f | | f | ||
| θ | | θ | ||
| s // ʃ | | s // ʃ | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| ɕ | | ɕ | ||
| | | | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Line 187: | Line 185: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
== Morphemes == | == Morphemes == | ||
Line 228: | Line 225: | ||
===Declension=== | ===Declension=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | ||
Line 287: | Line 283: | ||
===Conjugation=== | ===Conjugation=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | ||
Line 333: | Line 328: | ||
*development | *development | ||
=== Swadesh | === Swadesh list === | ||
{{trans-top| reading basis *development /visual basis}} | {{trans-top| reading basis *development /visual basis}} | ||
* I: kkac /uac | * I: kkac /uac | ||
Line 356: | Line 351: | ||
* few: làes /leas | * few: làes /leas | ||
* other: né daes /neidae | * other: né daes /neidae | ||
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá / | * one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa | ||
* two: tzue /dva | * two: tzue /dva | ||
* three: mal /mal | * three: mal /mal | ||
Line 389: | Line 384: | ||
* stick: baunel /uncertain | * stick: baunel /uncertain | ||
* fruit: fam /flm | * fruit: fam /flm | ||
* seed: fam / | * seed: fam /sem | ||
* leaf: hhüo /lif | * leaf: hhüo /lif | ||
* root: lád /lad | * root: lád /lad | ||
* bark (of a tree): uncertain / | * bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk | ||
* flower: uncertain /lili | * flower: uncertain /lili | ||
* grass: ladlili /uncertain | * grass: ladlili /uncertain |
Revision as of 06:01, 13 January 2019
A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is a destination, which was mere a waypoint, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make to learn about languages, also the knowledge can much affect it, so it is always under construction. The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
± attribution type adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | ||||||
Fricative | f | θ | s // ʃ | ʂ | ɕ | χ | ɦ | ||
Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||||
Trill | ʀ | ||||||||
Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Lateral app. | l | ʎ |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ɨ | ɯ u | ||
Mid-open | e ø | ɐ | ʌ o | ||
Open | ä |
Lengthened vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | iː yː | uː | |||
Mid-open | eː øː | oː | |||
Open | äː |
=== Phonotactics ===
± phonotactics *development C V C k t lh sr ɲ ŋ a:allophone;â á:allophones;ae;ai;oa e é:allophones;ei;é;ea i î í o ö:allophones;eu;oi ó:allophone;ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk Morphemes
± It is applied inter parts of speech - s-
- n-
- a-
- -a
- -e
- -s
- -as
- -es
- -n
- -en
- -ns
- -ens
- -r
- -l
- -t
- -d
- -ls
- -ts
- -ds
- -er
- -el
- -et
- -at
- -ad
- -els
- -ets
- -ats
- -ads
- -nd
- -nt
- -nds
- -nts
===Declension===
noun root gloss the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form uac/ʋɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] uacs/ʔäks/ sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ uacens/ʔäːgens/ I uue/ʋyː/ sue/syː/ nue/nyː/ uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ uuens/ʔyːens/ You hia/ɦiä/ hiasae/ɦiäsäe/ hianae/ɦiänäe/ hia/ɦiä/ hias/ɦiäs/ sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ hians/ɦiäns/ They (singular) hae/ʋäe/ haesae/ʔäesäe/ haenae/ʔäenäe/ hae/ʔae/ haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis] saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin] àens/ʔaens/ Thing ===Conjugation===
verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form gloss present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed sel/sel/ ser/sel/,[seɾ] seat/seɦät/ sad/säːt/ selnd/selindɐ/ selnt/selint/ be bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] baat/päɦät/ bad/päːt/ balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] balnt/pälint/[bäˈint] have tel/tel/ ter/tel/,[teɾ] teat/teɦät/ tad/täːt/ telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] telnt/telint/[teˈint] hang,raise Made texts
*development
Swadesh list
± reading basis *development /visual basis - I: kkac /uac
- you (singular): kküe /uue
- he: hhonn /han
- we: kkácen /nacen
- you (plural): kküeen /uuen
- they: hhia /hia
- this : torce /toc,hia,dui
- that: kkáe /hae
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: kkaema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /uncertain
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /tis
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
- husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
- mother: máma /mam
- father: táta /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: fisk /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- dog: cúon /chn
- louse: uncertain /lus
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /sem
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /meisumel
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: súmmuí /vods
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /rkt
- left: chol /lnk
- at: tzúi /zui,tui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: múi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fúi /kar
- name: námel /nam