Páuluòbeng

Báoluòveng (yi vBáoluòveng) is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and English (particularly Received Pronunciation).

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhel, zhem, zhen, zheng

eħgeng, yi ħ-eħgeng; pl. eħgenger /əhˈkəŋ/ = mountain

dèi, yi dèi; pl. dèin /tɛ̂ɪ/ = valley

yi xüēid /ɕɥǿʏʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ɪljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mɑ­́:/ = tree

jiarm /t͡ɕɑ́:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθer /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ɪ/ 'gold'

neħdier /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

• ā or a: mid level, relaxed
• á: rising
• à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

• /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
• Historical initial /f/ retained
• Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
• h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Short vowels:

• a e ie i o u ü /a ə (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ə (ɥ)ʏ/

Diphthongs:

• ai ei uai ui iei üei /aɪ ɛɪ waɪ wɛɪ jɛɪ ɥøʏ/
• ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ/
• ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/

Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):

• uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)oː(ɹ)/
• (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
• er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)/
• ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
• ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
• uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
• air aor our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~aː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
• angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
  • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

• e, final -er = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
• final -i = /ɪ/
• final -ou = /əʊ/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

• Example of linking R: yi kaθer àrd [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Qenian: ye kaħerr àrd [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
• No linking R: yi búd àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Qenian: ye bùta àrd [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Qenian. Lenition is similar to Qenian, except t lenites to θ /ħ/.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Qenian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

Definite article

singular		plural		collective
common	neuter	common	neuter	common	neuter
yiL	yi	na	naN	baL	ba

Verbs

Verbs, on the other hand, are more conservative than in Qenian and are more similar to Anbirese: conjugated verb forms are still used, and the -ìn preterite, derived from the Tigol -ín participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.