Kandi/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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==What it says on the tin==
==What it says on the tin==
A collection of glossed interlinears in the [[Tsan]] language.
A collection of glossed interlinears in the [[Tsan]] language.
===Predicative complements===
====Simple predicative expressions====
In Tsan, the predicative complement of an expression is equivalent to the predicate itself. All content words are predicates in their own right, due to a copula suffix. This copula is a null suffix in the third person proximate, but it congruates with the subject. The subject does not need to be independent, and is only marked on the predicate.


{{Scriptgloss/indexable
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
Line 9: Line 13:
| gloss = songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| gloss = songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is a songbird.
| translation = It is a songbird.
| index = 2.1
| index = 1
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = ᎧᏊᏪ:
|script = ᎧᏊᏪ:
|phrase = katsawí  
|phrase = katsawí  
|IPA = [ˈkat͡saɰiɨ̯]
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
| morphemes = katsa-wí
| morphemes = katsa-wí
| gloss = songbird.N-1SG.HE
| gloss = songbird.N-1SG.HE
| translation = I am a songbird.
| translation = I am a songbird.
| index = 2.2
| index = 2
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = ᎧᏊᎲ:Ꮁ
|script = ᎧᏊᎲ:Ꮁ
Line 24: Line 28:
| morphemes = katsa-yín
| morphemes = katsa-yín
| gloss = songbird.N-2PL.HE
| gloss = songbird.N-2PL.HE
| translation = You all are a songbird.
| translation = You are songbirds.
| index = 2.3
| index = 3
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
}}
|script = ᎧᏊᏮᎲ:Ꮁ
 
|phrase = katsaniyín
====Predicative nominatives====
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sʌ̃ʔiʝẽː]
If the subject of the expression is stated independently, it is marked with a specifier, (SPEC), which roughly translates as the English relative determiner ''that which'', or the construction ''it is […] that is […]''. The post-vocalic form is ''–n'' and the post-consonantal form is ''–i''.  
| morphemes = katsa-ni-yín
 
| gloss = songbird.N-PL-2PL.HE
 
| translation = You all are songbirds.
The predicative complement, or predicate, agrees with the topic. The topic, most often the subject, is marked with the third person singular homus suffix, as well as the specifier.
| index = 2.4
 
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = ᎭᎱ ᎧᏊᏪ:
|script = ᎭᎱ ᎧᏊᏪ:
|phrase = yan katsawí
|phrase = yan katsawí
|IPA = [ʝʌ̃ʔ ˈkat͡saɰiɨ̯]
|IPA = [ʝʌ̃ʔ ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
| morphemes = ya-∅-n katsa-wí
| morphemes = ya-∅-n katsa-wí
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC songbird.N-1SG.HE
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC songbird.N-1SG.HE
Line 46: Line 50:
|phrase = yóni tsháatlí
|phrase = yóni tsháatlí
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈt͡ɕaːt͡ɬiɨ̯]
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈt͡ɕaːt͡ɬiɨ̯]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i tsháatli;í
| morphemes = yón-∅-i tsháatli-í
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC nice.N;3SG.OBV.HE
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC nice.N;3SG.PROX.HE
| translation = John is nice.
| translation = John is nice.
| index = 2.6
| index = 2.6
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᎪᏌᎪ
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᎪᏌᎪ
|phrase = yóni andáa
|phrase = yóni anda
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈʌ̃tʼaː]
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈʌ̃tʼa]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i anda-á
| morphemes = yón-∅-i anda-∅
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC man.N;3SG.OBV.HO
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = John is a man.
| translation = John is a man.
| index = 2.7
| index = 2.7
}}
====Predicative accusatives====
Tsan has one copula, and one copula only.  In English you may find a variety of related verbs with similar function to the main copula ''to be''; for example ''to feel'', ''to seem'' and ''to become''. In Tsan, the semantics of these verbs are all conveyed by means of modifying the copula with evidentials, mood markers, applicatives and other constructions.
Typically, what may be percieved as an increase in valency is marked with the copula and an appropriate applicative-like affix. The former subject is always demoted to the object or patient.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ Ꮝ:ᎪᎭᏌ:
|phrase = yóni sáayandá
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi saːˈʝʌ̃tʼaː]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i sáay-anda-∅
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC 3PL.REP-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = They call John a man.
| index = 2.8
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = yóni wandátsu
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu>
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS>
| translation = I made John a man.
| index = 2.9
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = sáayayómbá
|IPA = /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/
| morphemes = sáaya-yón-wá
| gloss = 3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO
| translation = They call me a man.
| index = 2.10
}}
===Intransitive clauses===
When you accept that two content words in a predicative expression co-function as predicate and subject, it is not difficult to imagine other clauses with one core argument. The simplest are the corresponding English intransitive clauses. Tsan makes an important dichotomy between stative and dynamic content words.
====Stative clauses====
Stative predicates, such as ''to hang'', ''to lie'', ''to be on fire'', ''to taste like'' and ''to know'' are almost exclusively expressed by means of the copula suffix. See also [[Tsan#Predicative complements|predicative complements]], which is an equivalent interpretation.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = tátshuyi kákawiká
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ka:ˈk͡xajika:]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i kákawi-ká
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC fire.N-3SG.OBV.HO
| translation = The guard is burning [up].
| index = 3.11
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = téndatshiwí...
|IPA = [tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕijiː]
| morphemes = ténda-tshi-wí
| gloss = knowing.N-DUB-1SG.HE
| translation = I am not sure I know.
| index = 3.12
}}
====Dynamic clauses====
Dynamic predicatives on the other hand, including '' to run'', ''to lay'', ''to put on fire'', ''to savour'',  and ''to learn'', are formed with a conjugating dynamic prefix, acting in the same manner as the copula.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = tátshuyi yáakákawi
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ʝa:ˈka:k͡xaji]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i yáa-kákawi
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-fire.N
| translation = The guard is burning [something].
| index = 3.13
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = wáaténdatshi...
|IPA = [ɰa:tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕi]
| morphemes = wáa-ténda-tshi
| gloss = DYN.1SG.HE-knowing.N-DUB
| translation = I am not sure I learn [anything].
| index = 3.14
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = yáanti katsan
|IPA = [ʝaːˈʔani ˈkat͡sʌ̃]
| morphemes = yáa-anti katsa-∅-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-walking.N songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The songbird walks.
| index = 3.15
}}
====Flexibility of arguments and predicates====
It is in these dynamic and static clauses that Tsan first exhibits its flexibility of arguments. By simply switching the prefixes of the content words, the meaning is reversed or changed drastically.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = tátshuyá kákawin
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝa: ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅ kákawi-n
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.OBV.HO fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The fire is a guard.
| index = 3.16
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = yáatátshuy kákawin
|IPA = [ʝa:ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝ ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
| morphemes = yáa-tátshuy kákawi-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-guard.N fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The fire is a guard.
| index = 3.17
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = yáakatsa antin
|IPA = [ʝaːˈk͡xat͡sa ˈʔanẽ ]
| morphemes = yáah-katsa anti-∅-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-songbird.N walking.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = *The walk songbirds.
| index = 3.18
}}
}}


Revision as of 17:29, 17 April 2014

What it says on the tin

A collection of glossed interlinears in the Tsan language.

Predicative complements

Simple predicative expressions

In Tsan, the predicative complement of an expression is equivalent to the predicate itself. All content words are predicates in their own right, due to a copula suffix. This copula is a null suffix in the third person proximate, but it congruates with the subject. The subject does not need to be independent, and is only marked on the predicate.


  • ᎧᏊ
    katsa
    [ˈkat͡sa]
    katsa-∅
    songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO
    It is a songbird.

(1)


  • ᎧᏊᏪ:
    katsawí
    [ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
    katsa-wí
    songbird.N-1SG.HE
    I am a songbird.

(2)


  • ᎧᏊᎲ:Ꮁ
    katsayín
    [ˈkat͡saʝẽː]
    katsa-yín
    songbird.N-2PL.HE
    You are songbirds.

(3)


Predicative nominatives

If the subject of the expression is stated independently, it is marked with a specifier, (SPEC), which roughly translates as the English relative determiner that which, or the construction it is […] that is […]. The post-vocalic form is –n and the post-consonantal form is –i.


The predicative complement, or predicate, agrees with the topic. The topic, most often the subject, is marked with the third person singular homus suffix, as well as the specifier.


  • ᎭᎱ ᎧᏊᏪ:
    yan katsawí
    [ʝʌ̃ʔ ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
    ya-∅-n katsa-wí
    1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC songbird.N-1SG.HE
    I am a songbird.

(2.5)


  • Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᏡᎪᏕ:
    yóni tsháatlí
    [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈt͡ɕaːt͡ɬiɨ̯]
    yón-∅-i tsháatli-í
    1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC nice.N;3SG.PROX.HE
    John is nice.

(2.6)


  • Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᎪᏌᎪ
    yóni anda
    [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi ˈʌ̃tʼa]
    yón-∅-i anda-∅
    1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
    John is a man.

(2.7)


Predicative accusatives

Tsan has one copula, and one copula only. In English you may find a variety of related verbs with similar function to the main copula to be; for example to feel, to seem and to become. In Tsan, the semantics of these verbs are all conveyed by means of modifying the copula with evidentials, mood markers, applicatives and other constructions.

Typically, what may be percieved as an increase in valency is marked with the copula and an appropriate applicative-like affix. The former subject is always demoted to the object or patient.


  • Ꮡ:Ꮾ Ꮝ:ᎪᎭᏌ:
    yóni sáayandá
    [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi saːˈʝʌ̃tʼaː]
    yón-∅-i sáay-anda-∅
    1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC 3PL.REP-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
    They call John a man.

(2.8)


  • yóni wandátsu
    [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su]
    yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu>
    1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS>
    I made John a man.

(2.9)


  • sáayayómbá
    /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/
    sáaya-yón-wá
    3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO
    They call me a man.

(2.10)


Intransitive clauses

When you accept that two content words in a predicative expression co-function as predicate and subject, it is not difficult to imagine other clauses with one core argument. The simplest are the corresponding English intransitive clauses. Tsan makes an important dichotomy between stative and dynamic content words.

Stative clauses

Stative predicates, such as to hang, to lie, to be on fire, to taste like and to know are almost exclusively expressed by means of the copula suffix. See also predicative complements, which is an equivalent interpretation.

  • tátshuyi kákawiká
    [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ka:ˈk͡xajika:]
    tátshuy-∅-i kákawi-ká
    guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC fire.N-3SG.OBV.HO
    The guard is burning [up].

(3.11)


  • téndatshiwí...
    [tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕijiː]
    ténda-tshi-wí
    knowing.N-DUB-1SG.HE
    I am not sure I know.

(3.12)


Dynamic clauses

Dynamic predicatives on the other hand, including to run, to lay, to put on fire, to savour, and to learn, are formed with a conjugating dynamic prefix, acting in the same manner as the copula.

  • tátshuyi yáakákawi
    [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ʝa:ˈka:k͡xaji]
    tátshuy-∅-i yáa-kákawi
    guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-fire.N
    The guard is burning [something].

(3.13)


  • wáaténdatshi...
    [ɰa:tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕi]
    wáa-ténda-tshi
    DYN.1SG.HE-knowing.N-DUB
    I am not sure I learn [anything].

(3.14)


  • yáanti katsan
    [ʝaːˈʔani ˈkat͡sʌ̃]
    yáa-anti katsa-∅-n
    DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-walking.N songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
    The songbird walks.

(3.15)


Flexibility of arguments and predicates

It is in these dynamic and static clauses that Tsan first exhibits its flexibility of arguments. By simply switching the prefixes of the content words, the meaning is reversed or changed drastically.

  • tátshuyá kákawin
    [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝa: ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
    tátshuy-∅ kákawi-n
    guard.N-3SG.OBV.HO fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
    The fire is a guard.

(3.16)


  • yáatátshuy kákawin
    [ʝa:ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝ ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
    yáa-tátshuy kákawi-n
    DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-guard.N fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
    The fire is a guard.

(3.17)


  • yáakatsa antin
    [ʝaːˈk͡xat͡sa ˈʔanẽ ]
    yáah-katsa anti-∅-n
    DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-songbird.N walking.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
    *The walk songbirds.

(3.18)


What's actually inside

  • ᎭᎪᏨ:ᏡᎲᏙᏙᏔᏋᎹ ᎪᏫᏢᎭᎹ:ᎰᎱ;
    yáasúweyikukúusima awushuyamátin?
    [ʝaːsuβ̞ɛʝikuˈkuːβ̞sẽʔa aβ̞uɕuʝʌ̃ˈʔaːtẽ]

    Is that moose crying herring?

(-)

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