Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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==Semivowel stems==
==Semivowel stems==
===''ı''-stems===
===''ı''-stems===
'''''áubıî''' - attack, strike''
'''''áubıī́''' - attack, strike''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''în'''''
|''áub'''ī́n'''''
|''áub'''îdir'''''
|''áub'''ī́dir'''''
|''áub'''îma'''''
|''áub'''ī́ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''îħar'''''
|''áub'''ī́ħar'''''
|''áub'''înse'''''
|''áub'''ī́nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''îr'''''
|''áub'''ī́r'''''
|''áub'''îrse'''''
|''áub'''ī́rse'''''
|''áub'''îlse'''''
|''áub'''ī́lse'''''
|-
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''î'''''
|''áub'''ī́'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''îri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri'''''
|''áubi'''îvi'''''
|''áubi'''ī́vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''îs'''''
|''áub'''ī́s'''''
|''áub'''îti'''''
|''áub'''ī́ti'''''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ıî'''''
|''áub'''ıī́'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ıîr'''''
|''áub'''ıī́r'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
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===*w-stems===
===*w-stems===
'''''qervî''' - pack, condense''
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qer'''vên'''''
|''qer'''vḗn'''''
|''qer'''vêdir'''''
|''qer'''vḗdir'''''
|''qer'''vêma'''''
|''qer'''vḗma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qer'''vêħar'''''
|''qer'''vḗħar'''''
|''qer'''vênse'''''
|''qer'''vḗnse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qer'''vêr'''''
|''qer'''vḗr'''''
|''qer'''vêrse'''''
|''qer'''vḗrse'''''
|''qer'''vêlse'''''
|''qer'''vḗlse'''''
|-
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qer'''vê'''''
|''qer'''vḗ'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vêri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vḗri'''''
|''qer'''vêvi'''''
|''qer'''vḗvi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qerv'''êis'''''
|''qerv'''éis'''''
|''qerv'''êti'''''
|''qerv'''ḗti'''''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qerv'''î'''''
|''qerv'''ī́'''''
|''qer'''urdá'''''
|''qer'''urdá'''''
|''qér'''umir'''''
|''qér'''umir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qerv'''îr'''''
|''qerv'''ī́r'''''
|''qér'''urt'''''
|''qér'''urt'''''
|''qér'''ult'''''
|''qér'''ult'''''
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''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-''
''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-''


'''''duobî''' - to be assembled''
'''''duobī́''' - to be assembled''


==Coronal obstruent stems==
==Coronal obstruent stems==
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*> ''r'' / _d<br/>
*> ''r'' / _d<br/>


'''''qvothî''' - shout''
'''''qvothī́''' - shout''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qvoth'''î'''''
|''qvoth'''ī́'''''
|''qvoth'''yrdá'''''
|''qvoth'''yrdá'''''
|''qvóth'''mir'''''
|''qvóth'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qvoth'''îr'''''
|''qvoth'''ī́r'''''
|''qvóth'''yrt'''''
|''qvóth'''yrt'''''
|''qvóth'''ylt'''''
|''qvóth'''ylt'''''
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===*z-stems===
===*z-stems===
'''''fáerî''' - interlock, jam''
'''''fáerī́''' - interlock, jam''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''fáer'''î'''''
|''fáer'''ī́'''''
|''fáer'''yrdá'''''
|''fáer'''yrdá'''''
|''fáér'''mir'''''
|''fáér'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''fáer'''îr'''''
|''fáer'''ī́r'''''
|''fáér'''yrt'''''
|''fáér'''yrt'''''
|''fáér'''ylt'''''
|''fáér'''ylt'''''
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===*ʒ-stems===
===*ʒ-stems===
'''''néuzî''''' - ''pound, stamp''
'''''néuzī́''''' - ''pound, stamp''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''nêuz'''!''
|''néuz'''!''
|''néuz'''yrs'''!''
|''néuz'''yrs'''!''
|''néuz'''yls'''!''
|''néuz'''yls'''!''
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''néuz'''î'''''
|''néuz'''ī́'''''
|''néuz'''yrdá'''''
|''néuz'''yrdá'''''
|''néur'''mir'''''
|''néur'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''néuz'''îr'''''
|''néuz'''ī́r'''''
|''néuz'''yrt'''''
|''néuz'''yrt'''''
|''néuz'''ylt'''''
|''néuz'''ylt'''''
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*> ''th, ð'' otherwise
*> ''th, ð'' otherwise


'''''rȳthî''' - classify, categorize''
'''''rȳthī́''' - classify, categorize''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ry̌th'''ħar'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''ħar'''!''
|''ry̌th'''yns'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yns'''!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ry̌th'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''!''
|''ry̌th'''yrs'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrs'''!''
|''ry̌th'''yls'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yls'''!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''ry̌th'''ī'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ī'''''
|''ry̌f'''dir'''''
|''rȳ̌f'''dir'''''
|''ry̌th'''ma'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ry̌th'''ħare'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ħare'''''
|''ry̌th'''ynse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ry̌th'''yr'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yr'''''
|''ry̌th'''yrse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrse'''''
|''ry̌th'''ylse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ry̌th'''e'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ry̌th'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ̌th'''ir'''''
|''ry̌th'''vi'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ry̌th'''is'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''is'''''
|''ry̌f'''ti'''''
|''rȳ̌f'''ti'''''
|}
|}


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!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''rȳth'''ýn'''''
|''rȳth'''ýn'''''
|''ry̌'''ssid'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssid'''''
|''ry̌th'''mi'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ry̌f'''tar'''''
|''rȳ̌f'''tar'''''
|''ry̌f'''tā'''''
|''rȳ̌f'''tā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳth'''ýr'''''
|''rȳth'''ýr'''''
|''ry̌th'''rith'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''rith'''''
|''ry̌th'''lith'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ry̌'''ss'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ss'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí'''''
|''rȳ'''sví'''''
|''rȳ'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ry̌'''ssar'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssar'''''
|''rȳ'''stí'''''
|''rȳ'''stí'''''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''rȳth'''î'''''
|''rȳth'''ī́'''''
|''rȳth'''yrdá'''''
|''rȳth'''yrdá'''''
|''ry̌th'''mir'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ry̌th'''ħart'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ħart'''''
|''ry̌th'''ynt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳth'''îr'''''
|''rȳth'''ī́r'''''
|''ry̌th'''yrt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrt'''''
|''ry̌th'''ylt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
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''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced]
''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced]


'''''uogî''' - err, miss''
'''''uogī́''' - err, miss''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''uog'''î'''''
|''uog'''ī́'''''
|''uog'''yrdá'''''
|''uog'''yrdá'''''
|''ǔog'''mir'''''
|''ǔog'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''uog'''îr'''''
|''uog'''ī́r'''''
|''uog'''yrt'''''
|''uog'''yrt'''''
|''ǔog'''ylt'''''
|''ǔog'''ylt'''''
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*> [~ː] / V_CC
*> [~ː] / V_CC


'''''hēseî''' - feel, emote''
'''''hēseī́''' - feel, emote''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsê'''ħar'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''ħar'''!''
|''hēsê'''ns'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''ns'''!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēsé!''
|''hēsé!''
|''hēsê'''rs'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''rs'''!''
|''hēsê'''ls'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''ls'''!''
|}
|}


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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsê'''ħare'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ħare'''''
|''hēsê'''nse'''''
|''hēsḗ'''nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēsé'''yr'''''
|''hēsé'''yr'''''
|''hēs'''êrse'''''
|''hēs'''ḗrse'''''
|''hēs'''êlse'''''
|''hēs'''ḗlse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hēse'''ên'''''
|''hēse'''ḗn'''''
|''hēse'''êdir'''''
|''hēse'''ḗdir'''''
|''hēse'''êma'''''
|''hēse'''ḗma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēse'''êħar'''''
|''hēse'''ḗħar'''''
|''hēse'''ênse'''''
|''hēse'''ḗnse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēse'''êr'''''
|''hēse'''ḗr'''''
|''hēse'''êrse'''''
|''hēse'''ḗrse'''''
|''hēse'''êlse'''''
|''hēse'''ḗlse'''''
|-
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hēse'''ê'''''
|''hēse'''ḗ'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''êri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ḗri'''''
|''hēse'''êvi'''''
|''hēse'''ḗvi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hêse'''êis'''''
|''hḗse'''éis'''''
|''hêse'''êti'''''
|''hḗse'''ḗti'''''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hēse'''î'''''
|''hēse'''ī́'''''
|''hēsē'''rdá'''''
|''hēsē'''rdá'''''
|''hēsé'''mmir'''''
|''hēsé'''mmir'''''
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsê'''ħart'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ħart'''''
|''hēsê'''nt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''nt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēse'''îr'''''
|''hēse'''ī́r'''''
|''hēsê'''rt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''rt'''''
|''hēsê'''lt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''lt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
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*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


'''''híltî''' - imply, make transparent''
'''''híltī́''' - imply, make transparent''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hílt'''î'''''
|''hílt'''ī́'''''
|''hílty'''rdá'''''
|''hílty'''rdá'''''
|''hílt'''mir'''''
|''hílt'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hílt'''îr'''''
|''hílt'''ī́r'''''
|''hílty'''rt'''''
|''hílty'''rt'''''
|''hílty'''lt'''''
|''hílty'''lt'''''
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'''''inthî''' - lie (be in a supine position)''
'''''inthī́''' - lie (be in a supine position)''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''inth'''î'''''
|''inth'''ī́'''''
|''inthy'''rdá'''''
|''inthy'''rdá'''''
|''ínth'''mir'''''
|''ínth'''mir'''''
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''inth'''îr'''''
|''inth'''ī́r'''''
|''ínthy'''rt'''''
|''ínthy'''rt'''''
|''ínthy'''lt'''''
|''ínthy'''lt'''''
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Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.


====''va̋cî'' - copula====
====''vā́cī́'' - copula====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''va̋c'''ħar'''!''
|''vā́c'''ħar'''!''
|''va̋c'''yns'''!''
|''vā́c'''yns'''!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''vâc!''
|''vâc!''
|''va̋c'''yrs'''!''
|''vā́c'''yrs'''!''
|''va̋c'''yls'''!''
|''vā́c'''yls'''!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|(''va̋c'''ī''''')
|(''vā́c'''ī''''')
|(''va̋ch'''dir''''')
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''')
|(''va̋c'''ma''''')
|(''vā́c'''ma''''')
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|(''va̋c'''ħare''''')
|(''vā́c'''ħare''''')
|(''va̋c'''ynse''''')
|(''vā́c'''ynse''''')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|(''va̋c'''yr''''')
|(''vā́c'''yr''''')
|(''va̋c'''yrse''''')
|(''vā́c'''yrse''''')
|(''va̋c'''ylse''''')
|(''vā́c'''ylse''''')
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|(''va̋ce'')
|(''vā́ce'')
|rowspan="2"|(''va̋c'''ir''''')
|rowspan="2"|(''vā́c'''ir''''')
|(''va̋c'''vi''''')
|(''vā́c'''vi''''')
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|(''va̋c'''is''''')
|(''vā́c'''is''''')
|(''va̋ch'''ti''''')
|(''vā́ch'''ti''''')
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''va̋c'''î'''''
|''vā́c'''ī́'''''
|''va̋c'''yrdá'''''
|''vā́c'''yrdá'''''
|''va̋c'''mir'''''
|''vā́c'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''va̋c'''ħart'''''
|''vā́c'''ħart'''''
|''va̋c'''ynt'''''
|''vā́c'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''va̋c'''îr'''''
|''vā́c'''ī́r'''''
|''va̋c'''yrt'''''
|''vā́c'''yrt'''''
|''va̋c'''ylt'''''
|''vā́c'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''va̋c'''má'''''
|''vā́c'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''va̋c'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''vā́c'''irá'''''
|''va̋c'''ħá'''''
|''vā́c'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''va̋c'''isá'''''
|''vā́c'''isá'''''
|''va̋ch'''tá'''''
|''vā́ch'''tá'''''
|}
|}


====''merî'' - 'exist'====
====''merī́'' - 'exist'====


===Reduplicating stems===
===Reduplicating stems===
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
===Eliding stems===
===Eliding stems===

Revision as of 20:37, 4 April 2014

Semivowel stems

ı-stems

áubıī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubiħar! áubins!
2 áubi! áubirs! áubils!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubıī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubiħare áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubís áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́ħar áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubıī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubiħart áubint
2 áubıī́r áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruħar! qéruns!
2 qéry! qérurs! qéruls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruħare qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qerús qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗħar qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruħart qérunt
2 qervī́r qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthħar! qvóthyns!
2 qvóth! qvóthyrs! qvóthyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthħare qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóss qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthħart qvóthynt
2 qvothī́r qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáérħar! fáéryns!
2 fáér! fáéryrs! fáéryls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáérħare fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáess fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáérħart fáérynt
2 fáerī́r fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néurħar! néuzyns!
2 néuz! néuzyrs! néuzyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néurħare néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néuss néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néurħart néuzynt
2 néuzī́r néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > f / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thħar! rȳ̌thyns!
2 rȳ̌th! rȳ̌thyrs! rȳ̌thyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌fdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thħare rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌fti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌ftar rȳ̌ftā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ss rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thħart rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳthī́r rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳftá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogħar! ǔogyns!
2 ǔog! ǔogyrs! ǔogyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogħare ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocs uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogħart ǔogynt
2 uogī́r uogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗħar! hēsḗns!
2 hēsé! hēsḗrs! hēsḗls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗħare hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséss hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗħar hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗħart hēsḗnt
2 hēseī́r hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Shílgular Dual Plural
1.in - híltħar! híltyns!
2 hílt! híltyrs! híltyls!


Present
Shílgular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltħare híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Shílgular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m híls hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Shílgular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltħart híltynt
2 híltī́r híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthħar! ínthyns!
2 ínth! ínthyrs! ínthyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthħare ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m íns insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthħart ínthynt
2 inthī́r ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́ - copula

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cħar! vā́cyns!
2 vâc! vā́cyrs! vā́cyls!


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cī) (vā́chdir) (vā́cma)
1.in - (vā́cħare) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ðín ðírid ðími
1.in - ðítar ðítā
2 ðír ðírith ðílith
3/4.m ðís ðisrí ðisví
3/4.f ðísar ðistí


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ynðín ynðírid ynðími
1.in - ynðítar ynðítā
2 ynðír ynðírith ynðílith
3/4.m ynðís ynðisrí ynðisví
3/4.f ynðísar ynðistí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́ vā́cyrdá vā́cmir
1.in - vā́cħart vā́cynt
2 vā́cī́r vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

merī́ - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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