Gathrírn: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Mutations=== | |||
====Consonant mutations==== | |||
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six in total: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="7" | Consonant-initial mutations | |||
|- | |||
! Unmutated !! style="width: 100px" | Fricativisation !! style="width: 100px" | Palatalisation !! style="width: 100px" | Labialisation !! style="width: 100px" | Voicing !! style="width: 100px" | Devoicing !! style="width: 100px" | Nasalisation | |||
|- | |||
! b | |||
| bh [ʋ] || bj || bw || - || bp [p] || mb [m] | |||
|- | |||
! bl | |||
-- | | bhl [ʋl] || - || - || - || bpl [pl] || mbl [ml] | ||
|- | |||
! br | |||
| bhr [ʋɾ] || - || - || - || bpr [pɾ] || mbr [mɾ] | |||
|- | |||
! d | |||
| dh [ð] || dj [ɟ] || dw || - || dh [ð] || nd [n] | |||
|- | |||
! dr | |||
| dhr || - || - || - || dhr || - | |||
|- | |||
! dv | |||
| dhv || - || - || - || dhv || - | |||
|- | |||
! f | |||
| - || fj || fw || fv || - || nf | |||
|- | |||
! fl | |||
| - || - || - || fvl || - || - | |||
|- | |||
! g | |||
| gh [ɣ] || gj [ɟ] || gw || / || gk [k] || ng [ŋ] | |||
|- | |||
! gl | |||
| ghl || glj [ʑʎ] || / || / || gkl || ngl | |||
|- | |||
! gr | |||
| ghr || / || / || / || gkr || ngr | |||
|- | |||
! j | |||
| jw [ɥ] || / || w || / || jh [j̊] || nj | |||
|- | |||
! k | |||
| kh [x] || kj [c] || kw || kg [g] || / || kh [x] | |||
|- | |||
! kl | |||
| khl || klj [ɕʎ] || / || kgl || / || khl | |||
|- | |||
! kr | |||
| khr || / || / || kgr || / || khr | |||
|- | |||
! h | |||
| / || hj [xʲ] || hw [ʍ] || gh [ɣ] || / || kh | |||
|- | |||
! hw | |||
| / || jw [ɥ] || / || w || / || w | |||
|- | |||
! l | |||
| / || lj || lw || / || lh || / | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
| mh [v] || mlj || mw || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! ml | |||
| mhl || / || / || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! mr | |||
| mhr || / || / || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! mn | |||
| mhn || mnj || / || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! n | |||
| / || nj || nw || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! p | |||
| ph [f] || pj || pw || pb [b] || / || ph [f] | |||
|- | |||
! pl | |||
| phl || / || / || pbl || / || phl | |||
|- | |||
! pr | |||
| phr || / || / || pbr || / || phr | |||
|- | |||
! r | |||
| / || rj || rw || / || rh || / | |||
|- | |||
! rh | |||
| rr [r] || rr || rhw [r̥ʷ] || rr || / || rr | |||
|- | |||
! lh | |||
| ll [l] || ll || lhw [l̥ʷ] || ll || / || ll | |||
|- | |||
! s | |||
| sh [h] || sj [ɕ] || sw || sz [z] || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! t | |||
| th [θ] || tj [c] || tw || td [d] || th [θ] || th | |||
|- | |||
! tl | |||
| thl || tlj [ɕʎ] || / || tdl || thl || thl | |||
|- | |||
! tr | |||
| thr || / || / || tdr || thr || thr | |||
|- | |||
! tv | |||
| / || / || / || tdv || tsv [sʋ] || / | |||
|- | |||
! tf | |||
| / || tjf [ɕf] || / || tfv [dʋ] || tsf [sf] || / | |||
|- | |||
! z | |||
| zh [ɣ] || zj [ʑ] || zw || / || zs [s] || / | |||
|- | |||
! w | |||
| / || jw [ɥ] || / || / || wh [ʍ] || jw [ɥ] | |||
|- | |||
! th | |||
| / || / || / || dh [ð] || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! sk | |||
| shk [xk] || skj [ɕc] || / || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
! st | |||
| sht [xt] || stj [ɕc] || / || / || / || / | |||
|- | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 20:34, 10 April 2014
| Gathrírn | |
|---|---|
| Gathrírn | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|gaˈθɾin]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native speakers | - (2013) |
Gathrírn is an a priori language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.
Background
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Labial. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | ||||
| Nasal | Voiced | m | mʲ | mʷ | m: | n | nʷ | n: | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||
| Voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | |||||||||||||||
| Plosive | Voiced | b | bʲ | bʷ | b: | d | dʷ | d: | ɟ | g | gʷ | g: | |||||
| Voiceless | p | pʲ | pʷ | p: | t | tʷ | t: | c | k | kʷ | k: | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiced | ð | z | zʷ | ʑ | ɣ | |||||||||||
| Voiceless | f | fʲ | fʷ | f: | θ | s | sʷ | s: | ɕ | x | xʲ | h | |||||
| Approximant | Voiced | ʋ | j | ɥ | w | ||||||||||||
| Voiceless | j̊ | ʍ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ʷ | ||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | Voiced | ɾ | ɾʲ | ɾʷ | |||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | Voiced | l | lʷ | l: | ʎ | ||||||||||||
| Voiceless | l̥ | l̥ʷ | |||||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |||
| Near-close | ʏ | ʊ | |||
| Close-mid | e ø | o | |||
| Mid | ə | ||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| Near-open | æ | ||||
| Open | a |
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Mutations
Consonant mutations
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six in total: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type.
Syntax
| Consonant-initial mutations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | Fricativisation | Palatalisation | Labialisation | Voicing | Devoicing | Nasalisation |
| b | bh [ʋ] | bj | bw | - | bp [p] | mb [m] |
| bl | bhl [ʋl] | - | - | - | bpl [pl] | mbl [ml] |
| br | bhr [ʋɾ] | - | - | - | bpr [pɾ] | mbr [mɾ] |
| d | dh [ð] | dj [ɟ] | dw | - | dh [ð] | nd [n] |
| dr | dhr | - | - | - | dhr | - |
| dv | dhv | - | - | - | dhv | - |
| f | - | fj | fw | fv | - | nf |
| fl | - | - | - | fvl | - | - |
| g | gh [ɣ] | gj [ɟ] | gw | / | gk [k] | ng [ŋ] |
| gl | ghl | glj [ʑʎ] | / | / | gkl | ngl |
| gr | ghr | / | / | / | gkr | ngr |
| j | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | jh [j̊] | nj |
| k | kh [x] | kj [c] | kw | kg [g] | / | kh [x] |
| kl | khl | klj [ɕʎ] | / | kgl | / | khl |
| kr | khr | / | / | kgr | / | khr |
| h | / | hj [xʲ] | hw [ʍ] | gh [ɣ] | / | kh |
| hw | / | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | w |
| l | / | lj | lw | / | lh | / |
| m | mh [v] | mlj | mw | / | / | / |
| ml | mhl | / | / | / | / | / |
| mr | mhr | / | / | / | / | / |
| mn | mhn | mnj | / | / | / | / |
| n | / | nj | nw | / | / | / |
| p | ph [f] | pj | pw | pb [b] | / | ph [f] |
| pl | phl | / | / | pbl | / | phl |
| pr | phr | / | / | pbr | / | phr |
| r | / | rj | rw | / | rh | / |
| rh | rr [r] | rr | rhw [r̥ʷ] | rr | / | rr |
| lh | ll [l] | ll | lhw [l̥ʷ] | ll | / | ll |
| s | sh [h] | sj [ɕ] | sw | sz [z] | / | / |
| t | th [θ] | tj [c] | tw | td [d] | th [θ] | th |
| tl | thl | tlj [ɕʎ] | / | tdl | thl | thl |
| tr | thr | / | / | tdr | thr | thr |
| tv | / | / | / | tdv | tsv [sʋ] | / |
| tf | / | tjf [ɕf] | / | tfv [dʋ] | tsf [sf] | / |
| z | zh [ɣ] | zj [ʑ] | zw | / | zs [s] | / |
| w | / | jw [ɥ] | / | / | wh [ʍ] | jw [ɥ] |
| th | / | / | / | dh [ð] | / | / |
| sk | shk [xk] | skj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |
| st | sht [xt] | stj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |