Gathrírn: Difference between revisions
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! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
Revision as of 22:16, 10 April 2014
| Gathrírn | |
|---|---|
| Gathrírn | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|gaˈθɾin]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native speakers | - (2013) |
Gathrírn is an a priori language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.
Background
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | Plain | Labial. | Plain | Palat. | Labial. | Gemin. | ||||
| Nasal | Voiced | m | mʲ | mʷ | m: | n | nʷ | n: | ɲ | ŋ | |||||||
| Voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | |||||||||||||||
| Plosive | Voiced | b | bʲ | bʷ | b: | d | dʷ | d: | ɟ | g | gʷ | g: | |||||
| Voiceless | p | pʲ | pʷ | p: | t | tʷ | t: | c | k | kʷ | k: | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiced | ð | z | zʷ | ʑ | ɣ | |||||||||||
| Voiceless | f | fʲ | fʷ | f: | θ | s | sʷ | s: | ɕ | x | xʲ | h | |||||
| Approximant | Voiced | ʋ | j | ɥ | w | ||||||||||||
| Voiceless | j̊ | ʍ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ʷ | ||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | Voiced | ɾ | ɾʲ | ɾʷ | |||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | Voiced | l | lʷ | l: | ʎ | ||||||||||||
| Voiceless | l̥ | l̥ʷ | |||||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |||
| Near-close | ʏ | ʊ | |||
| Close-mid | e ø | o | |||
| Mid | ə | ||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
| Near-open | æ | ||||
| Open | a |
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Mutations
Consonant mutations
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.
| Consonant-initial mutations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | Fricativisation | Palatalisation | Labialisation | Voicing | Devoicing | Nasalisation |
| b | bh [ʋ] | bj | bw | - | bp [p] | mb [m] |
| bl | bhl [ʋl] | - | - | - | bpl [pl] | mbl [ml] |
| br | bhr [ʋɾ] | - | - | - | bpr [pɾ] | mbr [mɾ] |
| d | dh [ð] | dj [ɟ] | dw | - | dh [ð] | nd [n] |
| dr | dhr | - | - | - | dhr | - |
| dv | dhv | - | - | - | dhv | - |
| f | - | fj | fw | fv | - | nf |
| fl | - | - | - | fvl | - | - |
| g | gh [ɣ] | gj [ɟ] | gw | / | gk [k] | ng [ŋ] |
| gl | ghl | glj [ʑʎ] | / | / | gkl | ngl |
| gr | ghr | / | / | / | gkr | ngr |
| j | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | jh [j̊] | nj |
| k | kh [x] | kj [c] | kw | kg [g] | / | kh [x] |
| kl | khl | klj [ɕʎ] | / | kgl | / | khl |
| kr | khr | / | / | kgr | / | khr |
| h | / | hj [xʲ] | hw [ʍ] | gh [ɣ] | / | kh |
| hw | / | jw [ɥ] | / | w | / | w |
| l | / | lj | lw | / | lh | / |
| m | mh [v] | mlj | mw | / | / | / |
| ml | mhl | / | / | / | / | / |
| mr | mhr | / | / | / | / | / |
| mn | mhn | mnj | / | / | / | / |
| n | / | nj | nw | / | / | / |
| p | ph [f] | pj | pw | pb [b] | / | ph [f] |
| pl | phl | / | / | pbl | / | phl |
| pr | phr | / | / | pbr | / | phr |
| r | / | rj | rw | / | rh | / |
| rh | rr [r] | rr | rhw [r̥ʷ] | rr | / | rr |
| lh | ll [l] | ll | lhw [l̥ʷ] | ll | / | ll |
| s | sh [h] | sj [ɕ] | sw | sz [z] | / | / |
| t | th [θ] | tj [c] | tw | td [d] | th [θ] | th |
| tl | thl | tlj [ɕʎ] | / | tdl | thl | thl |
| tr | thr | / | / | tdr | thr | thr |
| tv | / | / | / | tdv | tsv [sʋ] | / |
| tf | / | tjf [ɕf] | / | tfv [dʋ] | tsf [sf] | / |
| z | zh [ɣ] | zj [ʑ] | zw | / | zs [s] | / |
| w | / | jw [ɥ] | / | / | wh [ʍ] | jw [ɥ] |
| th | / | / | / | dh [ð] | / | / |
| sk | shk [xk] | skj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |
| st | sht [xt] | stj [ɕc] | / | / | / | / |
| vowel | c' | - | w' | - | l' | c' |
| Consonant-final mutations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | Mutated | |||||
| b | bb | |||||
| c | c | |||||
| d | dd | |||||
| dh | d | |||||
| f | p | |||||
| ft | ft | |||||
| g | gg | |||||
| j | j | |||||
| jh | jj | |||||
| js | sj | |||||
| jz | zj | |||||
| k | kk | |||||
| kh | kh | |||||
| l | l | |||||
| lf | lf | |||||
| ld | ld | |||||
| lj | lj | |||||
| lh | ll | |||||
| ls | ll | |||||
| lt | lt | |||||
| lv | lv | |||||
| lz | lj | |||||
| m | m | |||||
| mh | mm | |||||
| ms | ms | |||||
| n | n | |||||
| nd | nd | |||||
| nf | ff | |||||
| nh | nn | |||||
| nj | nj | |||||
| ns | ss | |||||
| nt | nt | |||||
| nz | nj | |||||
| p | pp | |||||
| r | r | |||||
| rd | d | |||||
| rdh | dh | |||||
| rh | rr | |||||
| rn | n | |||||
| rs | sj | |||||
| rt | tt | |||||
| rth | th | |||||
| rz | zj | |||||
| s | s | |||||
| st | st | |||||
| t | tt | |||||
| v | b | |||||
| z | z | |||||
Vowel mutations
Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.
| Vowel mutations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmutated | E-PLURAL | Unmutated | O-PLURAL | ||
| Primary | Secondary | Primary | Secondary | ||
| NON-FINAL | |||||
| a | e | ea | a | au | ae |
| e | i | ie | e | au | ae |
| i | ei | ea | i | ie | ea |
| o | oi | oe | o | o | oe |
| u | y | ye | u | oa | ue |
| y | y | ye | y | u | ue |
| ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL | |||||
| a | ai | ai | a | ae | au |
| e | ea | ae | e | ea | ei |
| i | ei | ei | i | ea | ei |
| o | oe | oe | o | oe | oi |
| u | ou | oi | u | oa | ou |
| y | ye | oe | y | ue | ui |
| ai | au | oa | ai | ae | au |
| ei | oi | oe | ei | ou | ui |
| oa | o | oe | oa | au | au |
| NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE | |||||
| a | ae | ai | a | ae | ai |
| e | ea | ei | e | ea | ei |
| i | ei | ei | i | ie | ai |
| o | oe | oe | o | oe | oi |
| u | ye | oe | u | oa | oi |
| y | ye | oe | y | ye | ui |
| LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE | |||||
| a | ae | ei | a | ae | ei |
| e | ea | ei | e | ie | ei |
| i | ea | ei | i | ie | ei |
| o | oe | oi | o | ie | ei |
| u | ye | oi | u | ue | ui |
| y | ye | oi | y | ue | ui |
Nouns
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -Ø | -is | -(Vmut.)-Ø |
| Genitive | -ur | -urh | -(Vmut.)-ur |
| Dative | -en | -enh | -(Vmut.)-en |
| Accusative | -er | -erh | -(Vmut.)-er |
| Locative | -on | -olh | -(Vmut.)-on |
First declension
| First declension: vowel-final | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -a | -aur | -aen | -aer | -ael |
| -e | -eir | -ean | -ear | -eil |
| -i | -uir | -ien | -air | -iel |
| -o | -oir | -oen | -oar | -oel |
| -u | -uer | -uin | -uir | -uil |
| -y | -yer | -yen | -yer | -yel |
| DUAL | ||||
| -ais | -warh | -aenh | -aerh | -aelh |
| -eis | -jerh | -eanh | -earh | -jelh |
| -ies | -wirh | -ienh | -jarh | -ielh |
| -ois | -jorh | -oenh | -oarh | -oelh |
| -uis | -uerh | -winh | -wirh | -wilh |
| -yes | -yerh | -yenh | -yerh | -yelh |
| PLURAL | ||||
| -ai | -air | -ain | -air | -ail |
| -ie | -ier | -ien | -ier | -iel |
| -ei | -eir | -ein | -eir | -eil |
| -oe | -oer | -oen | -oer | -oel |
| -ou | -our | -oun | -our | -oul |
| -ye | -yer | -yen | -yer | -yel |
Second declension
| First declension: one final consonant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aC | -aCur | -aCen | -aCer | -aCon |
| -eC | -eCur | -eCen | -eCer | -eCon |
| -iC | -iCur | -iCen | -iCer | -iCon |
| -oC | -oCur | -oCen | -oCer | -oCon |
| -uC | -uCur | -uCen | -uCer | -uCon |
| -yC | -yCyr | -yCin | -yCyr | -yCin |
| -aiC | -aiCur | -aiCen | -aiCer | -aiCon |
| -eiC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oaC | -oaCoer | -oaCean | -oaCear | -oaCoen |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aCis | -aCurh | -aCenh | -aCerh | -aColh |
| -eCis | -eCurh | -eCenh | -eCerh | -eColh |
| -iCis | -iCurh | -iCenh | -iCerh | -iColh |
| -oCis | -oCurh | -oCenh | -oCerh | -oColh |
| -uCis | -uCurh | -uCenh | -uCerh | -uColh |
| -yCis | -yCyrh | -yCinh | -yCyrh | -yCilh |
| -aiCis | -aiCurh | -aiCenh | -aiCerh | -aiColh |
| -eiCis | -eiCurh | -eiCenh | -eiCerh | -eiColh |
| -oaCis | -oaCoerh | -oaCeanh | -oaCearh | -oaCoelh |
| E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m) | ||||
| -aiC | -aiCur | -aiCen | -aiCer | -aiCon |
| -eaC | -aeCyr | -aeCen | -aeCer | -aeCoen |
| -eiC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oeC | -oeCyr | -oeCen | -oeCer | -oeCoen |
| -ouC | -oiCur | -oiCen | -oiCer | -oiCon |
| -yeC | -oeyCyr | -oeCin | -oeCyr | -oeCin |
| -auC | -oaCoer | -oaCean | -oaCear | -oaCoen |
| -oiC | -oeCaer | -oeCean | -oeCear | -oeCaen |
| -oC | -oeCoer | -oeCean | -oeCear | -oeCoen |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
| -eaC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -eaC | -eiCur | -eiCen | -eiCer | -eiCon |
| -oeC | -oiCur | -oiCen | -oiCer | -oiCon |
| -oaC | -ouCur | -ouCen | -ouCer | -ouCon |
| -yeC | -uiCur | -uiCen | -uiCer | -uiCon |
| -aeC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
| -ouC | -uiCur | -uiCen | -uiCer | -uiCon |
| -uC | -auCur | -auCen | -auCer | -auCon |
Third declension
| First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aN | -aNur | -aNen | -aNer | -aNon |
| -eN | -eNur | -eNen | -eNer | -eNon |
| -iN | -iNur | -iNen | -iNer | -iNon |
| -oN | -oNur | -oNen | -oNer | -oNon |
| -uN | -uNur | -uNen | -uNer | -uNon |
| -yN | -yNyr | -yNin | -yNyr | -yNin |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aNath | -aNurh | -aNenh | -aNerh | -aNolh |
| -eNath | -eNurh | -eNenh | -eNerh | -eNolh |
| -iNath | -iNurh | -iNenh | -iNerh | -iNolh |
| -oNath | -oNurh | -oNenh | -oNerh | -oNolh |
| -uNath | -uNurh | -uNenh | -uNerh | -uNolh |
| -yNath | -yNyrh | -yNinh | -yNyrh | -yNilh |
| E-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -eaN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -eiN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -oeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| -yeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| -yeN | -oeNyr | -oeNean | -oeNear | -oeNyn |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -eaN | -eiNur | -eiNen | -eiNer | -eiNon |
| -ieN | -aiNur | -aiNen | -aiNer | -aiNon |
| -oeN | -oiNur | -oiNen | -oiNar | -oiNon |
| -oaN | -oiNur | -oiNen | -oiNar | -oiNon |
| -yeN | -uiNur | -uiNen | -uiNar | -uiNon |
Fourth declension
| First declension: liquid + plosive/fricative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Locative |
| -aL | -aLur | -aLen | -aLer | -aLon |
| -eL | -eLur | -eLen | -eLer | -eLon |
| -iL | -iLur | -iLen | -iLer | -iLon |
| -oL | -oLur | -oLen | -oLer | -oLon |
| -uL | -uLur | -uLen | -uLer | -uLon |
| -yL | -yLyr | -yLin | -yLyr | -yLin |
| DUAL | ||||
| -aLath | -aLurh | -aLenh | -aLerh | -aLolh |
| -eLath | -eLurh | -eLenh | -eLerh | -eLolh |
| -iLath | -iLurh | -iLenh | -iLerh | -iLolh |
| -oLath | -oLurh | -oLenh | -oLerh | -oLolh |
| -uLath | -uLurh | -uLenh | -uLerh | -uLolh |
| -yLath | -yLyrh | -yLinh | -yLyrh | -yLilh |
| E-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -eaL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -eaL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -oeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| -yeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| -yeL | -oiLur | -oiLen | -oiLer | -oiLon |
| O-PLURAL | ||||
| -aeL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ieL | -eiLur | -eiLen | -eiLer | -eiLon |
| -ueL | -uiLur | -uiLen | -uiLer | -uiLon |
| -ueL | -uiLur | -uiLen | -uiLer | -uiLon |