Sceptrian: Difference between revisions

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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}


'''Sceptrian''' (''lusha'' or ''...'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  
'''Sceptrian''' ('' lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  


==History==
==History==
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|  
|  
| '''ts'''<br />t͡s  
| '''ts'''<br />t͡s  
|
| '''tsh'''<br />t͡ʃ
|   
|   
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''é'''<br />ɛ  
| '''é oe'''<br />ɛ œ
|
|
| '''ó'''<br />ɔ
| '''ó'''<br />ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|'''ae'''<br />æ
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|  
|  
|'''a'''<br />ä
|'''a'''<br />ä
|
|'''a'''<br />ɑ
|}
|}


*Lateralization, nasalization and rhotacization are used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
*Lengthening, lateral release, nasalization, rhotacization and aspiration/breathy voice are all used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
**Not with every vowel or different results?
**Not with every vowel or different results?
**''paa'' /pä:/, ''pée'' /pɛ:/, ''póo'' /pɔ:/
**''plo'' /pˡə/, ''tla'' /tˡä/
**''on'' /ø̃/, ''ón'' /ɔn/
**''or'' /ɚ/, ''ór'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''ár'' /är/
**''pho'' /pʰə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/, ''tha'' /θä/, ''dha'' /ðɑ/


====Diphtongs====
====Diphtongs====
oi /ɔɪ̯/, ei /ɛɪ̯/, ou /ɔʊ̯/


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


Semivowels:  
Syllabic consonants:  
/tlɬ/, /djk/, /bwm/, /trn/
/tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 168: Line 180:


====Classes====
====Classes====
Abstract, animate, inanimate
 
Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''éi''.
*Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel ''a'', ''ó'' or ''i''. Those ending with ''i'' lack all the plural forms.
*Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h''), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns appear with nasal endings.
*Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant ''r''. Inanimate mass nouns appear in the ''r''-ending group which also lacks plural forms.


====Declension====
====Declension====
Line 181: Line 197:
*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods)
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections


'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases
'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"| 
!colspan="3"| Abstract
!colspan="6"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
|colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''A''
| style="width: 20px"| ''i''
|colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''F''
|colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''N''
|colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u''
|colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P''
| style="width: 20px"| ''r''
|-
|SG||PL|| ||SG||PL||SG||PL||SG||PL||SG||PL||
|-
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || r
|-
! style=""| Ergative
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush  || Pee || Ple || re
|-
! style=""| Dative
| Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || uji || uwi || Pei || Plei || rei
|-
! style=""| Possessive
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|-
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|-
! style=""| Lative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|-
! style=""| Locative-temporal
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|-
! style=""| Ablative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|-
! style=""| Vocative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || ||
|}
*''A'' marks vowels ''a'' and ''ó''
*''F'' marks fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h''
*''N'' marks nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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===Word order===
===Word order===


*SVO
*SVO in statements, VSO in questions, SOV in
*adjectives precede genitives follow
*adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow

Revision as of 10:55, 21 May 2014


Sceptrian ( lushar or lusha) is an a priori language created for the fantasy world Akekata by juhhmi.

History

Lore: Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With its 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber Khattish and Guddean, the other main West-Herookuan languages.

Basic Grammar

Fusional, subject-verb-object, two numbers, three persons, three noun classes, nine inflected cases with absolutive-ergative alignment

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m
m 		nn
n 		ng
ŋ
Plosive p b
p b 		t d
t d 		k g
k g 		q
q
Fricative f v
f v 		th dh
θ ð 		s z
s z 		sh zh
ʃ ʒ 		h
x 		h
h
Affricate ts
t͡s 		tsh
t͡ʃ
Approximant j
j
Trill r
r
Lateral pl bl
pˡ bˡ 		tl dl
tˡ dˡ 		l sl
l ɬ 		kl gl
kˡ gˡ


Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i
i 		u
u
Close-mid e
e
Mid o
ə
Open-mid é oe
ɛ œ 		ó
ɔ
Near-open ae
æ
Open a
ä 		a
ɑ
  • Lengthening, lateral release, nasalization, rhotacization and aspiration/breathy voice are all used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
    • Not with every vowel or different results?
    • paa /pä:/, pée /pɛ:/, póo /pɔ:/
    • plo /pˡə/, tla /tˡä/
    • on /ø̃/, ón /ɔn/
    • or /ɚ/, ór /ər/ or /r/, ar /ä˞/, ár /är/
    • pho /pʰə/, bho /bʱə/, tha /θä/, dha /ðɑ/

Diphtongs

oi /ɔɪ̯/, ei /ɛɪ̯/, ou /ɔʊ̯/

Phonotactics

Syllabic consonants: /tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/

Orthography

Script from auman templar/jauhmö

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal

Polite versions as well (which influenced Aoma) Third person only as demonstratives

Nouns

Numbers SG and PL

Classes

Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, k, i and éi.

  • Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel a, ó or i. Those ending with i lack all the plural forms.
  • Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (f, th, s, sh, h), nasal (m, n, ng) or vowel u. Mass nouns appear with nasal endings.
  • Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (p, t, k) or consonant r. Inanimate mass nouns appear in the r-ending group which also lacks plural forms.

Declension

Cases:

  • Absolutive (ABS): Unmarked base form for subjects of intransitive and objects of transitive verbs
  • Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
  • Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
  • Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession (his head)
  • Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
  • Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
  • Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
  • Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
  • Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections

Possessive affixes mingle with the cases

Abstract Animate Inanimate
A i F N u P r
SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL
Absolutive A Asl i F (ə)lF N Ninl u ush P Pl r
Ergative AA AslA ii Fee Fel Neen Nenl uu uush Pee Ple re
Dative Ak Akl ik Fi Fil Ni Nil uji uwi Pei Plei rei
Possessive
Instrumantal-comitative
Lative
Locative-temporal
Ablative
Vocative
  • A marks vowels a and ó
  • F marks fricatives f, s, sh and h
  • N marks nasals n, m and ng
  • P marks plosives p, t and k

Adjectives

agree

Verbs

Conjugation

From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...

Tense

Aspect

Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ammuin karhun vs. ammuin karhua

Mood

Voice

Antipassive construction: agent (ERG) into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) into instrumental-comitative (INS)

Non-finite forms

Multiple... --> adjectives?

Adpositions

"in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative

Derivational Morphology

Numerals

Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain

Syntax

Word order

  • SVO in statements, VSO in questions, SOV in
  • adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow
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