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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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The four past classes are: | The four past classes are: | ||
* class I (root athematic): more common than in other modern IE languages, it is simply formed by the root plus the suffixes. Forms other than the first person singular and third plural show extensive consonant assimilation. Plural forms often have different stems, reflecting PIE zero-grade. Examples: ''e-lersy-am, e-lors-me'' "I saw, we saw"; ''a-lúh-om, a-lú-me'' (underlying form ''a-luh-me'') "I, we created, made, prepared", ''é-ˤl-om, e-deˤ-me'' "I, we ate". | * class I (root athematic): more common than in other modern IE languages, it is simply formed by the root plus the suffixes. Forms other than the first person singular and third plural show extensive consonant assimilation. Plural forms often have different stems, reflecting PIE zero-grade. Examples: ''e-lersy-am, e-lors-me'' "I saw, we saw"; ''a-lúh-om, a-lú-me'' (underlying form ''a-luh-me'') "I, we created, made, prepared", ''é-ˤl-om, e-deˤ-me'' "I, we ate". | ||
* class II (root thematic): overall the most common; class I and II together correspond to the vast majority of verbs in Lifashian. Root thematic past verbs generally have the same, regular forms in all persons. Examples: ''e-ber- | * class II (root thematic): overall the most common; class I and II together correspond to the vast majority of verbs in Lifashian. Root thematic past verbs generally have the same, regular forms in all persons. Examples: ''e-ber-om'' "I brought", ''e-denah-om'' "I ran". | ||
* class III (''s-past'', sigmatic): corresponding to Greek sigmatic aorist. Overall not as common as in other IE languages, but still represented. The added '''s''' is often obscured by consonant assimilation. See ''a-lúw-s-om'' "I loved", ''e-gíj-om'' (underlying e-gil-s-om, from PIE *e-wéyd-s-ṃ) "I watched". | * class III (''s-past'', sigmatic): corresponding to Greek sigmatic aorist. Overall not as common as in other IE languages, but still represented. The added '''s''' is often obscured by consonant assimilation. See ''a-lúw-s-om'' "I loved", ''e-gíj-om'' (underlying e-gil-s-om, from PIE *e-wéyd-s-ṃ) "I watched". | ||
* class IV (reduplicated): very rare. The root is often quite obscured due to the stressed reduplication, zero-grade, and consonant assimilation. The few examples include ''e-lelag-om'' (more commonly ''e-lelá-m'', from the variant ''e-lelah-om'') "I had", or the literary ''a-gúk-om'' "I said" (cf. Gr. εἶπον). | * class IV (reduplicated): very rare. The root is often quite obscured due to the stressed reduplication, zero-grade, and consonant assimilation. The few examples include ''e-lelag-om'' (more commonly ''e-lelá-m'', from the variant ''e-lelah-om'') "I had", or the literary ''a-gúk-om'' "I said" (cf. Gr. εἶπον). | ||