Verse:Lõis/Thurish

Thurish /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ THER-ish (natively þawrysko, þawrysk gwered /θəwˈrɨsk gwered/ or more formally þawrysk wordrad; þawrysk is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and Hivantish. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi).

Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which makes vowels RTR and thus has RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR). Stress is weakly final.

It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.

PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"

dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)

• dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)

Ăh gworðon þawryske derm /əx gwɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well

giwiþ = to live

TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness

Phonology

Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced

Declension

Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.

Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.

• Llawbdon mina jenos = I love my wife (animate)
• Llawbdon min wordrad = I love my language (inanimate)

o-stem declension

	gwylek = wolf		guolo = head		morr /mor̥/ = sea
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	gwylek	gwylke	guolo	guolos	morr	morre
Genitive	gwylka	gwylku	guolos	guolu	morra	morru
Accusative	gwylka	gwylku	guolo	guolos	morr	morre
Oblique-Ergative	gwylki	gwylkăn	guole	guolon	morri	morrăn
Vocative	gwylky!	gwylke!	guolă!	guolos!	morry!	morre!

Segolates

"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.

	gwéren = raven		gwarnó = crow
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	gwéren	gwrané	gwarnó	gwarnós
Genitive	gwerná	gwranú	gwarnós	gwarnú
Accusative	gwerná	gwranú	gwarnós	gwarnú
Oblique-Ergative	gwerní	gwranán	gwarné	gwarnón
Vocative	gwerný!	gwrané!	gwarná!	gwarnós!

ma-declension

	gwerrma = time (m.)		karma = punishment (m.)
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	gwerrma	gwerrmyno	karma	karmyno
Genitive	gwerrmyn	gwerrmynu	karmyn	karmynu
Accusative	gwerrma	gwerrmyno	karma	karmyno
Oblique-Ergative	gwerrmyni	gwerrmynăn	karmyni	karmynăn
Vocative	gwerrma!	gwerrmyno!	karma!	karmyno!

(karma is the in-universe source of English karma; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)

Pronouns

case	1sg.	2sg. (familiar)	3sg.			1pl.	2pl., polite	3pl.	refl.
			he	she	it
nom.	ăh	tu	săn	so	tăt	mus	wus	se	-
acc.	myna	twa	ja	jo	tăt	năs	wăs	jus	swa
gen.	myn, possessive min	tyw, possessive tin	ja	jos	ta	nah	wah	juh	syw, possessive sin
obl.	myni	twi	jam	je	tam	nan	wan	jun	swi

Verbs

Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms:

• -oþ verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. jynoþ 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); uðoþ 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ustêtoþ 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
• -iþ verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ărbiþ 'to work'; gwardiþ 'to speak'
• -þ or -t verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. nest, neþ- 'to carry'

agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"

jynoþ 'to know':

• Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
• Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
• Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
  • Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
• Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
• Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)

llawbiþ 'to love':

• Present tense: llawbdon, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llawbdosaws
• Present participle: llawbdos (sg), llawbdosi (pl)
• Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
  • Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
• Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
• Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)

(Some -iþ verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: b p d t h g k l r m n w > bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j

Conjugation of beroþ 'to give birth' (irregular):

• Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
• Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es

Sample text

UDHR

make vocab less slavic

Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.

/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./