User:Juhhmi/Irbel: Difference between revisions

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==Orthography==
==Orthography==


The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express this have accumulated into a complex system.
===Palatalization===


*Palatalizing front vowels: ''ı'' used with ''u'', and ''e'' with ''a''.  
The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by Beate Lucuc /vʲät͡ɕ lukux/ in year 521 of 7th era.
*Pronounced front vowels: ''i'' and ''ė''
 
*"Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ''ı'' used with ''u'', and open ''e'' with ''a''. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: ''caoc'' /kɑkʰ/ vs. ''caec'' /kɑcʰ/
*"Mute" back vowel ''o'' occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or -spirantized coda: ''cec'' /ceç/ vs. ''ceoc'' /cecʰ/ 
*Pronounced front vowels: ''í'' and ''é''. Use of ''u'' and ''a'' respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around ''í'' and ''é''.
*Vowels ''ı'' and ''e'' can be used in place of pronounced ''í'' and ''é'' if there is no risk of confusion: ''céc'' = ''cec''
*Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ''ceace'' /cäc/
*If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' /ketet͡ɕ/ vs. ''caétaéhc'' /ketetʰ/
 
===Consonants===


Word-final version are included after / if different, and /* means that the grapheme isn't used word-finally.
Word-final version are included after / if different, and /* means that the grapheme isn't used word-finally.
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|l
|l
|lʲ/ʎ
|lʲ/ʎ
|-
|x
|x
|ç
|-
|-
|c
|c
|k/x
|k/x
|c/ç
|c/ç
|-
|x/*
|x
|ç
|-
|-
|g
|g
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|ɥ
|ɥ
|}
|}
*Word-initial ''w'' before a vowel is realized as /əw/ and word-initial ''y'' as /əj/. In coda, ''w'' is only after ''a'' and ''y'' only after ''a'' and ''e''.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
|-
|w
|w
|w:
|w:/ɥ:
|Between vowels
|Between back/front vowels
|-
|-
|y
|y
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|Between vowels
|Between vowels
|}
|}
*Word-initial ''w'' before a back vowel is realized as /əw/ and before front vowels as /əɥ/. Word-initial ''y'' is correspondingly /əj/. In coda, ''w'' is used only after ''a'' and ''y'' only after ''a'' and ''e'' for diphthongs.
===Vowels===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Grapheme
!colspan="2"|With consonants
|-
!not palatalized:
!palatalized:
|-
|a
|ɑ
|ä
|-
|u
|u
|ʉ
|-
|é
|ɘ
|e
|-
|í
|ɪ
|i
|}
Glottal fricative /h/ separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation: ''cíu'' /cihu/
===Digraphs===


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
|+Digraphs
|-
|-
!Grapheme
!Grapheme
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|After ''u'', ''e'' and ''i''
|After ''u'', ''e'' and ''i''
|-
|-
|ce
|rowspan="2"|ce
|c
|c
|Before ''a''
|Before ''a''
|-
|cʰ
|After ''a''
|-
|-
|oc
|oc
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|ot
|ot
|tʰ
|tʰ
|After ''e'' and ''i''
|-
|op
|pʰ
|After ''e'' and ''i''
|After ''e'' and ''i''
|-
|-
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|eu
|eu
|ø
|ø
|
|Stressed syllable
|-
|-
|ia
|ia
|æ
|æ
|
|Stressed syllable
|}
|}


''cıuq'' /cʉkɘ/, ''ciu'' /cihu/, ''cead'' /cäkɪ/, ''cėa'' /cehɑ/
Examples: ''cıuq'' /cʉkɘ/, ''cíu'' /cihu/, ''cead'' /cäkɪ/, ''céa'' /cehɑ/

Revision as of 13:56, 26 August 2014

Irbel /iɹ.vʲeʎ/ is an a priori language isolate spoken in one of the Western Kingdoms of eastern Sword of Vortex.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal n ɲ
Plosive p t c k
Fricative f v s ʒ ɕ ç x h
Approximant ɹ j
Trill r
Lateral approximant l ʎ

Affricates: /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/

Coarticulated consonants: /w/, /ɥ/ and /ɧ/

Vowels

Monophthongs

Front Central Back
Close i ʉ u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e ø ɘ
Mid ə
Near-open æ
Open ä ɑ

Diphthongs

Graphemes y and w in coda are used to form diphthongs ay /äɪ̯/, ey /ei̯/ and aw /ɑʊ̯/ which occur both word-finally and before consonants. Between vowels, they form long semi-vowels /j:/ and /w:/.

Orthography

Palatalization

The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by Beate Lucuc /vʲät͡ɕ lukux/ in year 521 of 7th era.

  • "Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ı used with u, and open e with a. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: caoc /kɑkʰ/ vs. caec /kɑcʰ/
  • "Mute" back vowel o occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or -spirantized coda: cec /ceç/ vs. ceoc /cecʰ/
  • Pronounced front vowels: í and é. Use of u and a respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around í and é.
  • Vowels ı and e can be used in place of pronounced í and é if there is no risk of confusion: céc = cec
  • Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ceace /cäc/
  • If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, h can be used to alter the coda instead of o: caétaét /ketet͡ɕ/ vs. caétaéhc /ketetʰ/

Consonants

Word-final version are included after / if different, and /* means that the grapheme isn't used word-finally.

Consonant pairs
Grapheme Plain Palatalized
p p/pʰ pʲ
b v/f vʲ/fʲ
n n ɲ
t t/tʰ t͡ɕ
s s ɕ
r r ɹ
l l lʲ/ʎ
c k/x c/ç
x/* x ç
g ks ɧ
j j/ʒ d͡ʑ
v/* w ɥ
Ligatures
Grapheme Phoneme Notes
q kɘ
d kɪ
f ç After a
k ç After u
m n: Between vowels
w w:/ɥ: Between back/front vowels
y j: Between vowels
  • Word-initial w before a back vowel is realized as /əw/ and before front vowels as /əɥ/. Word-initial y is correspondingly /əj/. In coda, w is used only after a and y only after a and e for diphthongs.

Vowels

Grapheme With consonants
not palatalized: palatalized:
a ɑ ä
u u ʉ
é ɘ e
í ɪ i

Glottal fricative /h/ separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation: cíu /cihu/

Digraphs

Grapheme Phoneme Notes
cı c Before u
cʰ After u, e and i
ce c Before a
cʰ After a
oc kʰ Word-finally
ot tʰ After e and i
op pʰ After e and i
aw ɑʊ̯
ay äɪ̯
ey ei̯
eu ø Stressed syllable
ia æ Stressed syllable

Examples: cıuq /cʉkɘ/, cíu /cihu/, cead /cäkɪ/, céa /cehɑ/

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